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Blood-Dwelling Protozoan (Toxoplasma (Host & Range (mammal n birds,…

- - - - blood and tissue (human/vertebrate)
      - gut (insect vector)
    - - L. donovani
      - L. tropical
      - L.braziliensis
      - L. mexicana
  - - - Visceral
        
        Kala-azar
        
        Rural areas (warm, tropical)
        
        Dogs and rats
        
        Female sandflies
        
        Internal organs (liver, spleen, bone, marrow)
        
        Low grade fever, anemia, splenomegaly & hepatomegaly
        
        skin- dry, rough, darkly pigmented
        
        Reticuloendothelial system
        
        Phagocytic cell of mononuclear phagocyte system
        
        Death within 2 years
        
        Diagnosis
        
        Blood, spleen, bone marrow biopsy
        
        serological tests
        
        Prevention and control
        
        Drugs- pentavelent antimony compounds
        
        attack on parasite
        
        attack on vector
        
        personal prophylaxis- anti sandfly measure
        
        mosquito net or screen
        
        L. donovani, vector: Phlebotomus (Old world), Lutzomyia (New world)
      - Cutaneous
        
        L. tropica
        
        vector: Phlebetomus
        
        2 stages
        
        amastigote: large mononuclear cell of skin
        
        promastigote: sandfly
      - Mucocutaneous
        
        Mexico to Argentina
        
        known as espundia
        
        L. Braziliensis
        
        Dogs: reservoir
        
        vector: Lutzomyia wellcomei
- - - - transmitted transplacentally from mother to foetus
    - - contaminated food, inhalation, inoculation, wounds
  - - - proper cooking of meat
      - proper washing of hands
      - avoid cats (pregnant woman)
- - - - casual agent for East African sleeping sickness
    - - casual agent for West African sleeping sickness
  - - - trypomastigote in bloodstream, lymphatics, cerbrospinal fluid
    - - trypomastigotes in bloodstream
      - amastigotes in cardiac muscle and other tissue
  - - - Control of vectors: tsetse fly
      - control of wild game or ruminants
    - - Drugs: chemotheraphy
  - - - Faecal contamination of vector
      - Introduced in wound by vector bite
      - Vector defecate in feeding process
      - skin or conjunctiva
    - - Trypomastigote: blood
      - Amastigote: muscular, nervous tissue and cell of reticuloenthothelial system
    - - Attacks myocardium, skeletal muscle, neurological cell
      - Chagoma: swelling of skin at site of entry
      - Romana: swelling of eyelids
      - Acute: leading to fatal myocarditis and meningoencephalitis
      - chronic: disturbance of cardiac rhythm, paralysis, 12 years
    - - Prophylactic measure
        
        Control or elimination of vector
        
        Better housing
        
        Protection against bugs
      - Treatment: chemotheraphy
- - - - Cold stage
        
        intense cold, shivering
      - Hot stage
        
        headache
        
        vomitting
        
        high grade fever
        
        abdominal discomfort
      - Sweating stage
        
        profuse sweating
  - - - Less dangerous
    - - Dangerous
    - - P. malariae
    - - P. ovale