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c.1900-present: Medicine in modern Britain (Ideas about cause of disease…
c.1900-present: Medicine in modern Britain
Ideas about cause of disease and illness
Genetic factors on health
By 1900 known that not all diseases caused by microbes
Cause of hereditary diseases discovered in 1953 when DNA discovered
Discovery of human gene
1953, James Watson and Francis Crick saw X-rays of DNA - they built a model and was corrected by Rosalind Franklin
Mapping of human genome
Began in 1990 and completed in 2000
Decode and map human genome
Used to look for mistakes in human genome of people suffering from genetic conditions
Influence of Lifestyle factors of heath
Smoking linked to disease
Diet
Too much alcohol
Sharing of bodily fluids
Skin cancer
Improvements in diagnosis
X-ray - see inside without cutting
CT and MRI scans - detailed imaging of internal organe
Ultrasound - medical image produced from sound
ECG - measure heart activity
Endoscope - camera on end of tube to see inside body
Blood testing
Approaches to prevention and treatment
Advances in medicines
Magic bullet
Chemical cure that attacks microbes without side-effects
Salvarsan 606, developed in 1909 by Paul Ehrlich as treatment for syphilis
Prontosil - 1932 by Gerhard Domagk as cure for blood poinsoning
Antibiotics
Developed as a result of development of penecillin
Development of penicillin
Discovery
Alexander Fleming was researching substances that would cure simple infection
In 1928, he noticed a mould on a dirty Petri dish that had killed the harmful staphylococcus bacteria on it - mould was penicillin
Development
In 1939, Howard Florey and Ernst Chain experimented with penicillin mould
In 1940, Howard Florey and Ernst Chain tested penicillin on infected mice - it cured it
In 1941, Howard Florey and Ernst Chain tested on human patient - cured the blood poising despite small amount
Mass production
Florey and Chain went to US and the US funded 21 pharmaceutical companies to mass produce it - by D-Day, in June 1944, enough penicillin had been produced to treat all Allied casualties
Uses of penicillin and antibiotics
Prevent infection and treat diseases with certain type of bacteria
High-tech medical and surgical treatment
Radiotherapy and chemotherapy
Dialysis
Prosthetic limbs
Transplant surgery
Keyhole surgery
Approaches to prevention and treatment 2