Russians

Cossacks

Independent warriors

Loyal Tsar supporters

Russian government offered them land in exchange for service

Reformists

Peasants

Illiterate serfs

Leaderless and disorganised

Intelligentsia

Mainly educated people

Aristocracy; ruling class; land owners

Had to be kept ignorant to control them

Revolutionaries

Populists

'The Peoples' Will' murdered Tsar Alexander II

Thought revolution by the peasants was the only way to change their living and working conditions

82% of population

The middle and upper class saw the peasants as critical for revolution

Social Revolutionaries

Kadets

Bolsheviks

Mainly university students

Violent terrorists

Wanted to end the Tsarist rule

Mainly university students and intelligentsia

Organised and led by Lenin

Wanted to overthrow the Tsar and the government

Workers must push for more than minor reforms

Progressive landlords and smaller industrial entrepreneurs

Wanted a constitutional monarchy and the Tsar to have restricted powers

Wanted equality; civil rights; end of censorship; free education; greater democracy

Held social events and conferences

Intellectuals that wanted greater democracy

Upper-middle classes wanted more democracy

82% of the population and leaderless

Terrorists popular with the peasants

Intellectuals who wanted to use the peasants

Organised, professional revolutionaries

Industrialists

Educated and free-thinking middle class

Travelled and read western works

Concentrated in urban areas