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Materials (Properties (Strength (Types (Tensile (Is the maximum pulling or…
Materials
Properties
Strength
The ability to resist forces
Types
Tensile
Is the maximum pulling or tensile stress a material can withstand before breaking
Stretching
Shear
Is the ability to withstand shearing forces
Cutting
Compressive
Is the ability to withstand compressive forces
Squeezing
Bending
Is the ability to resist bending forces
Toughness
Tis property allows a material to stand up to blows or an impact
The amount of energy it takes to fracture a material is indication of its toughness
Brittleness
Material that can easily be fractured by an impact, with little or no deformation
A brittle material can be break suddenly and without warning
Hardness
The ability of a material to resist scratching, wear and indentation
Ductility
Permanently stretched without facture by a tensile force
Malleability
This property allows a material to be extended in all directions without breaking, by rolling or hammering
Stiffness
IS the property of a material to resist a bending deformation
Elasticity
This is the ability of material to return to its original shape when freed from a force that was distorting it
Durability
Being able to withstand wear and tear and weathering
Types of Materials
Metal
Ferrous (contain iron)
Generally tend to corrode (rust) so need some form of protection against corrosion
Almost all are magnetic
Cast Iron
Description
Re-melted pig iron with small quantities of other metals
Typically 93% iron and 4% carbon
Very strong in compression but brittle
Uses
Metal vices
Brake discs and drums
Car cylinder blocks
Manhole and drain covers
Machinery bases
Mild steel
Description
Iron mixed with 0.15-0.3% carbon
Ductile and malleable
Rusts very quickly if exposed to moisture
Uses
Nuts
Bolts
Car bodies
Furniture frames
Gates
Girders
Tool steel
Description
Also known as 'medium' or 'high carbon' steel
Up to 1.5% carbon content
Strong and very hard
Uses
Hand tools
Gardon tool
Springs
High speed steel
Description
Contains a high content of tungsten, chromium and vanadium
Brittle but resistant to wear
Used in machining operations where high speeds and high temperatures are created
Uses
Drill bits
Lathe tools
Milling cutters
Stainless steel
Description
An alloy of iron with typically 18% chromium and 8% nickel
Very resistant to wear and corrosion
Doesn't rust
Uses
Kitchen sinks and commercial kitchens
Cutlery
Dishes
Teapots
Surgical insturments
Non-ferrous (do not contain iron)
Will not corrode
Are not magnetic
Aluminium
Description
Light grey
Can be polished to a mirror-like appearance
Light in weight
Can be anodised to protect the surface and give it colour
Uses
Cooking foil
Saucepans
Chocolate wrappers
Window frames
Toy cars
Ladders
Copper
Description
Reddish-brown, but can turn green after exposure to oxygen
Ductile and malleable
An excellent conductor of heat and electricity
Uses
Plumbing and electrical components
Domed roofs (copper covered)
Lead
Description
Heavy metal with blue-grey surface
Soft and malleable
Has a high resistance to corrosion from moisture and acids
Uses
Weather proofing for buildings and around chimneys
Plumber's solder
Tin
Description
Bright silver
Ductile and malleable
resistant to corrosion
Tinplate is steel with a tin coating
Uses
Coating on food cans
Zinc
Description
Very weak
Extremely resistant to corrosion from moisture
Used as a coating on steel buckets, screws and roofing sheets
Die casting alloys
Gold and silver
Description
Precious metals
Very ductile
Silver tarnishes but gold isn't affected by oxidation
Uses
Jewellery
Plated onto electrical wires to improve contact and reduce resistance
Alloys
Duralumin
Discription
An aluminium alloy
Almost as strong as steel but only 30% of the weight
Mainly aluminium with 4% copper and 15 manganese
Uses
Aircraft bodies
Cars
Door handles
Pewler
Description
Now a lead-free alloy (for safety) that can be easily cut
Made 0f 92% tin, 6% antimony and 2% copper
Polishes to a bright, mirror-like finish
Low melting point
Uses
Drinking tankards
Jewellery
Picture frames
Wood
Softwood
Provided by coniferous trees
Cheap and grow quickly
Scots pine (Red Deal)
Description
Straight-grained but knotty
Light in colour (cream/pale brown)
Fairly strong but not easy to work with
Inexpensive
Uses
Readily available for DIY work
Mainly used for constructional work and simple joinery
Parana pine
Description
Hard and straight-grained
Almost knot free
Fairly strong and durable
Expensive
Pale yellow with red/brown streaks
Uses
High quality pine furniture and fittings
Western red cedar
Description
Light in weight and knot free
Reddish brown
Easy to work with but weak and expensive
Naturally oily
Uses
Outdoor uses
Pitch pine
Description
Pale-yellow coloured with dark lines and fine, even texture
Medium in weight
Stiff and stable
Uses
Furniture
Church pews
Veneers
Hardwood
Provided by deciduous trees
Grow slowly
Beach
Description
A straight-grained hardwood with a fine texture
Light in colour
Very hard but easy to work with
Can be steam bent
Uses
Furniture
Toys
Tool handles
Oak
Descriptio
A very strong, light-brown wood
Open grained
Very hard, but quite easy to work with
Uses
High quality funiture
Beams used in buildings
Veneers
Ash
Description
Open grained
Easy to work with
Pale cream colour, often stained black
Can be laminated
Uses
Tool handles
Sports equipment
Furniture
Ladders
Veneers
Mahogany
Description
Reddish-brown in colour
Easy to work with
Uses
Indoor funiture
Shop fittings
Bars
Veneers
Teak
Description
A very durable oily wood
Golden brown in colour
Highly resistant to moisture
Uses
Outdoor furniture
Boat building
Laboratory furniture and equipment
Manufactured board
Made from waste wood left over from conversion
Advantages
They are flat, cheap, strong
Can be machined and cut easily
Available in large sizes
Stable
Can be panted or polished to give a high quality finish
Don't have any knots
Don't rot when damp
Environmentally friendly
Disadvantages
Sometimes can be more expensive than solid wood
They don't look as nice
The edges need to be covered
May contain a lot of glue or chemicals
Must be machined in a well ventilated area and face mask must be worn
MDF
Qualities
Medium Density Firboard
Popular quality board
Cost effective
Smooth surface
Finishes well. Paint can be applied without the need for an undercoat or primer
How are they made?
Composed of fine wood dust and resin pressed into a board
Can be worked, shaped and machined easily
Available in water and fire-resistant form
Uses
Used in the building and furniture trades
Chipboard
Qualities
Usually veneered with hardwood or plastic
Cheap but not strong
How are they made?
Produced by compressing wood particles together with glue
Uses
Inexpensive furniture, cupboard backs, shelving
Plywood
Qualities
Very strong for its weight and thickness, compared to solid wood
Appearance can be improved with a veneer of good quality wood
How are they made?
Odd numbers of layers are glued with their grain at 90^ to each other making it very strong
Different grades suit a variety of situations 1.Marine plywood is moisture resistant 2.Weather and boil proof plywood 3.Boil resistant plywood 4.Interior plywood
Uses
Building work, general construction, boat building, furniture
Blackboard and Laminboard
Qualities
Both of similar construction
Cheap substitute to plywood when a thicker but not as strong board is required
How are they made?
Strips of softwood such as pine or spruce are glued side by side and sandwiched between two veneers for added strength and aesthetics
Blackboard strips are 5-7cm
Laminboard strips are 7-25mm
Uses
Shelving, worktops and furniture backs
Hardboard
Qualities
Not as strong as the other boards
How are they made?
Made from pulped wood fibres. the pulp is put under pressure until the fibres bond to produce a tough board that is smooth on one side and rough on the others
Uses
Furniture such as cupboard panels, tops, doors and drawer bottoms, shoe heels, jigsaw puzzles, toys, chalkboard, advertising signs, billboards, shop displays and shop fittings