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UNIT 4- LATE MIDDLE AGES (URBAN POPULATION (Other city inhabitants…

- - - - economic development
  - - - bg various factors
        
        agricultural production
        
        increased
        
        population
        
        grew
        
        sackings and invasions
        
        from foreign lands
        
        came to end
        
        trade
        
        developed
  - - - population grew
      - increased in trade
        
        more goods
        
        were traded
        
        handmade goods
        
        craftsmanship
        developed
    - - circulation of money increased
        
        money changers
        
        calculated
        
        equivalent value
        
        different types of money
      - promissory notes appeared
        
        documents
        
        assigned
        
        particular person
        
        place of money
      - Loans granted to businesses
        
        lent money
        
        exchange
        
        interest
        
        increased
        
        economic power
      - Permanent shops
        
        one day week
        
        were markets
        
        in the main square
      - GUILDS
        
        associations
        
        cretaed by
        
        traders and craftsmen
        
        to protect their interests
- - - - traders
      - craftsmen
  - - - hidalgos
        
        due social status
        
        could not work
        
        mentality
        
        work
        
        was
        
        1 more item...
  - - - such as
        
        Franciscans
        
        Dominicans
      - lived
        
        austerely
        
        renouncing material possessions
        
        because
        
        they tried
        
        teach
        
        1 more item...
  - - - lived
        
        separate neighbourhoods
        
        Jewish quarters
        
        traders
        
        bankers
        
        doctors
        
        craftsmen
  - - - traders
      - bankers
  - - - servants
      - slaves
      - beggars
    - - living serving
        
        rest city's inhabitants
      - lived
        
        off charity
  - - - off the income
        
        their
        
        lands
        
        provided
- - - - Town hall
      - Church
    - - have a
        
        university
        
        public baths
        
        hospitals
        
        fortifications
        
        cathedral
  - - - lived in luxurious palaces
        
        made of stone
    - - lived in
        
        wood
        
        straw
        
        buildings made of adobe
        
        stone
      - workshops and shops
        
        were situated
        
        ground ffloor
        
        homes
        
        were situated
        
        around this
    - - was divided
        
        into neighbourhoods
        
        according to
        
        Religion
        
        Economic activity
    - - were frequent fires
        
        because of the
        
        abundant use
        
        wood
        
        (as a
        
        building material)
        
        narrow streets
        
        absence
        
        fire
        
        prevention measures
        
        made cities
        
        1 more item...
      - was an absence of
        hygiene
        
        no drainage and sewage systems
        
        to collect waste
      - rubbish
        
        was thrown
        
        by residents
        
        from
        
        doors and windows
        
        houses
        
        accomulated
        
        in the
        
        streets
        
        this lack
        
        of hygiene
        
        contributed
        
        spread
        
        of disease
        
        1 more item...
- - - - taxes
        
        they obtained
        
        urban trade
  - - - disputes
        
        with
        
        feudal lords
    - - supported
        
        by the
        
        monarch
        
        (was interested
        
        reducing
        
        great power
        
        1 more item...
  - - - cities
        
        granting them
        
        fueros
        
        (autonomy)
  - - - could administrer
        
        matters
        
        that were
        
        carried out
        
        by
        
        the feudal lord
        
        4 more items...
  - - - members
        
        of wealthy buorgeoisie
  - - - were freed
        
        from the
        
        feudal system
    - - were integrated
        
        into the parliament
        
        previously restricted
        
        to the
        
        nobility
        
        clergy
    - - became powerful
        
        as a result
        
        of commercial prosperity
        
        Venice
        
        Milan
        
        Genoa
    - - became
        
        more powerful
        
        they
        
        recovered
        
        some
        
        of their
        
        1 more item...
        
        obtained
        
        greater income
        
        from taxes
        
        1 more item...
      - increased
        
        military power
        
        used it
        
        against
        
        feudal lords
        
        to
        
        1 more item...
  - - - assembly
        
        advise
        
        the monarch
        
        voted on
        
        introduction
        
        new taxes
    - - by the monarch
    - - representatives
        
        three states
        
        clergy
        
        bourgeoisie
        
        nobility
        
        peasants
    - - Parliament in England
      - Diet in Germany
      - Estates General in France
      - Cortes in the
        
        Christian kingdoms
        
        of the
        
        Iberian peninsula
- - - - and social crisis
        
        caused by
        
        various factors
        
        Agricultural crisis
        
        bad harvests
        
        caused
        
        1 more item...
        
        Epidemics
        
        BLACK DEATH
        
        killed nearly 1/3
        
        1 more item...
        
        Wars
        
        nobility
        
        tried
        
        1 more item...
        
        Number
        
        military conflicts
        
        1 more item...
        
        Hundred Years'War
        
        1337-1453
        
        Tax increases
        
        that
        
        worsened
        
        1 more item...
        
        Peasant revolts
        
        against the feudal lords
        
        they rebelled
        
        1 more item...
        
        Urban revolts
        
        rose up
        
        against leaders
        
        1 more item...
        
        objetive
        
        be able
        
        1 more item...
        
        also rebelled
        
        against
        
        1 more item...
        
        nobility
        
        with
        
        support of monarch
        
        2 more items...
  - - - often expressed
        
        thought
        
        minorities
        
        different religions
        
        were accused
        
        responsible
        
        2 more items...
    - - neighbouhoods
        
        were attacked
        
        killings
        
        sackings
      - they
        
        were expelled
        
        from European countries
    - - they were accused
        
        being false converts
        
        because continued
        
        practice old religion
        
        in secrets
      - creation
        
        religious courts
        
        (Inquisition)
        
        to judge and perscute
        
        heretics
        
        witches
        
        false converts
      - they were condemned
        
        and torture
        
        until
        
        confessed accusations
        
        or burnt
        
        at the stake
- - - - Almohads in battle Nava Tolosa (1212)
        
        all Muslim Kingdoms
        
        had been conqured
        
        except Granada
  - - - became
        
        permanently united
        
        from 1230
        
        under King Fernando III
  - - - Petronila
      - Ramón de Berenguer IV
      - resulted
        
        union of
        
        Aragón
        
        Barcelona
      - Their son
        
        Alfonso II
        
        was
        
        count of Barcelona
        
        King of Aragón
  - - - expand territories
        
        in Africa
        
        conquering Ceuta
        
        1415
  - - - from 12th century
    - - conquests
        
        Aragón
        
        Castilla