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UTS POB (Perception and Decision Making (Common Biases and Error in DM…
UTS POB
Perception and Decision Making
Perception
A process by which individuals organize and interpret sensory impression in order to give meaning to the environment
Attribution Theory
An attempt to determine whether a behavior is internally or externally caused
Fundamental attribution error
Self serving bias
Tendency for an individual to attribute their own success to internal factor and blame failure to external factor
Shortcut in Judging Others
Selective perception
The tendency to selectively interpret based on experience, interest, background or attitude
Halo effect
Tendency to draw general impression on the basis of single characteristic
Contrast effect
Evaluation of a person characteristic that is affected by recent encounter with other people
Stereotyping
Judging someone based on ones perception of the group where the person belong
Self fulfilling prophecy
Inaccurate perception perception which cause an expectation that result in a behavior that is consistent with the original perception
Rational Decision Making
The six step
Define the problem
Identify decision criteria
Allocate weight to criteria
Develop Alternative
Evaluate Alternative
Select best alternative
Common Biases and Error in DM
Overconfidence Bias
Overestimating the odds of an event
Anchoring Bias
Tendency to fixate on initial information and fail to adequately adjust for subsequent information
Confirmation bias
Tendency to gather information that reaffirms past choices and discount information that contradicts past judgement
Availability Bias
The tendency to base judgements based on information that is readily available
Escalation of Commitment
Increased commitment in spite of negative information
Randomness error
The tendency of individual to believe that they can predict the outcome of a random event
Risk Aversion
The tendency to prefer a sure gain over riskier amount, even if the riskier outcome have a higher payoff
Hindsight Bias
The tendency to falsely believe that one can accurately predict the outcome after the actual outcome is already known
Ethical Decision Criteria
Utilitarianism
Rights
Justice
Sigmund Freud
Psychosexual Development
Oral Stage
Anal Stage
Phallic Stage
Latency Stage
Genital Stage
Structural Models of Personality
Id
The id is based on "pleasure principle" which means that the id wants whatever feels good at that moment and disregard any ramifications
Unconscious urges and desire
Ego
Self
The ego is based on the 'reality principle' which means that the ego comes to realise that there are other people that also have desire and feeling
Superego
Ego Ideal
Conscience
Part of personality that is made up of morals and ideals that is acquired and placed on us by society
Iceberg Metaphor of Human Psyche
Conscious
Thought, perception, cognitive (ideas, thought or feelings that we are aware)
Preconscious
Memories, stored knowledge (material that can easily be recalled)
Unconscious
Fears, violent motives, shameful experience, immoral urges, unacceptable sexual desire (below the surface of awareness)
Defense Mechanism
Unconscious mental process employed by the ego to reduce anxiety
Classifications of defense mechanism
High adaptive
Optimal adaptation to stress, maximize well being, optimum balance among conflicting motives
Altruism
Humor
Suppression
Mental inhibition
Keep potentially threatening ideas out of awareness
Intellectualization
Repression
Minor image distorting
Distortion in the image of self to regulate self esteem
Devaluation
Omnipotence
Disavowal
Keeping unacceptable stressor out of awareness
Denial
Rationalization
Major image distorting
Gross distortion of self image or others
Autistic fantasy
Action
Dealing with stressor by action or withdrawal
Passive agression
Acting out
Defensive dysregulation
Failure of defensive regulation
DISC Advanced Interpretation
Profile Invalidity
All factor in graph 1 and 2 contradicts
If these factors are present
3/4 factors in graph 1 and graph 2 contradicts
More than 8 stars
Graph 3 is in transition pattern
No consistency
Interpersonal Communication
Reflective Listening