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Science revision mind map (Formulas & equations (Magnification (Total…
Science revision mind map
Physics
Light and colour
Transverse waves are all waves on the electromagnetic spectrum
They can travel through a vaccum
speed = distance / time
wave speed = wavelength x frequency
White light is a mixture of all the different colours of light, they have all have different wavelengths
Opaque objects are objects that don't transmit light.
Translucent objects appear to be a colour of light that is most strongly transmitted by the object.
White objects reflect all of the wavelengths of visible light equally
Black objects absorb all wavelengths of visible light. Your eyes see black as a lack of visible light
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Lenses
Convex lenses are also known as converging lenses
Concave lenses are also known as diverging lenses
Lenses refract light
When an object is focused after passing through the lens it generates a real image
If the object is focused before the lens it generates a virtual image
Ears and hearing
Sound waves are longitudinal
They are a sequence of vibrations that compact and have rarefachons
Sound requires a medium
Chemistry
States of matter
The particles in solids, liquids and gases have different amounts of energy.
Solids
Solids have a fixed shape and cannot flow because the particles cannot move from place to place
Solids cannot be compressed or squashed because the particles are close together and have no space to move into
Liquids
Liquids flow and take the shape of their container because the particles can move around each other
Liquids cannot be compressed or squashed because the particles are close together and have no space to move into
Gases
Gases flow and completely fill their container because the particles can move quickly in all directions
Gases can be compressed or squashed because the particles are far apart and have space to move into
Heat must be supplied to a substance for it to melt, evaporate or boil.
Heat must be removed from a substance to condense or freeze it. In other words, the substance must be cooled down.
Under certain conditions, some solids turn straight into a gas when heated. This process is called sublimation.
Lattice is the structure of a solid
Solubility
Solubility is a measurement of how much of a substance will dissolve in a given volume of a liquid. The liquid is called the solvent.
The solubility of a gas depends on pressure and temperature.
solids become more soluble as the temperature increases.
As the pressure increases, more gas molecules dissolve into the solvent.
gases tend to become less soluble as the temperature of the solvent increases.
Biology
Food tests using reagents
Iodine test
Used to detect starch
A solution of iodine if starch is present it turns black
if not it remains yellow
Carbohydrates is a polymer it breaks down into sugar
Biurets tests
Proteins prescience
Mix equal volumes of food solutions and dilute potassium hydroxide then a few drops of copper sulphate
Benedicts tests
Tests for reducing sugars such as glucose and fructose
You mix equal volumes of food solution in a tube at 55 degrees for a few minutes
Ethanol test
Detects fats and oils
Half fill a tube with ethanol pour some of the mixture into the tube
Any fat will rise and create a cloud effect at the top
Transport of molecules
Osmosis
Active transport
Goes against the concentration gradient and can let in larger molecule such as glucose
The molecules stick to the transport proteins in the active
Energy changes the shape of the molecule and then lets in the larger molecule through ATP
Diffusion
Formulas & equations
Magnification
Total magnification=Magnification of eyepiece x magnification of objective lense
Magnification=image size/ Actual size
Cm 10 mm 1000 um 1000 nm 1000 pm
Reaction time= mass/time
Percentage=(final mass-initial mass x 100)/final mass
Concentration
Concentration = number of moles/volume of solution (dm3)
Concentration =mass used/volume of solution(dm3)
Concentration of H plus pH p 0 x10 1 x10 2
Complex ions
CO3 2- Carbonate
SO4 2- Sulphate
OH - Hydroxide
NO3 - Nitrate
