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Logical Fallacies / Persuasive Techniques (Cause and Effect (Definitions :…
Logical Fallacies / Persuasive Techniques
Cause and Effect
Definitions
: Arguing that one thing led to another
Examples
:
Because you were outside while it was raining, you got wet.
Begging the claim
Examples
:
Filthy and polluting coal should be banned
Definition:
A conclusion that the writer should prove is validated within the claim.
Formal Language
Definition
: Using higher level language with limited emotional reactions to sound more knowledgeable
Example
: Four score and seven years ago our founding fathers brought fourth upon this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.
The above really means: 87 years ago, the founding fathers decided that America should be a land of freedom
Assonance
Definition:
Repetition of vowel sounds for emphasis
Example:
The elite meet and greet
Connotation
Example:
Child = neutral emotional association
Definition:
using emotionally loaded words to influence people
Humor
Definition:
Using puns, irony, sarcasm, satire, and jokes to discredit opposing views
Example: Saying "totally artraged" instead of outraged" when talking about controversial art
Generalization
Definition:
Making a sweeping statement about a whole group based upon one or two members of the group.
Example:
Sports fans are all crazy.
Rhetorical Question
Definitions
: Questions which do not expect an answer and are asked for effect only
Examples
Are you okay? (Asked to someone who is clearly in pain)
What were you thinking? (Asked to someone who just did something really foolish)
Colloquial Language
Definition:
informal, everyday language used to appear friendly and similar to their audience
Example:
“That totally grossed me out” vs. “That really disgusted me”
Jargon
Definition
: Using specialized/technical terms to show oneself to be an expert in the field they are discussing
Example
: Hammerhead, Masthead, Nameplate, Wicket, Sidebar, Op/Ed, and Feature all mean significantly different things to a journalist than to the average person.
Appeal
Definition:
Playing on the audience's emotions, fears, needs or desires to persuade them that you are right
Example:
Emotions (You would be so happy if...)
Evidence
Example:
Using statistics, Expert opinion, Research finding, and anecdotal evidence to prove a point.
Definition:
Using statistics, Expert opinion, Research finding, and anecdotal evidence to prove a point.
Analogy
Definition:
Comparing one thing to another in order to prove a point.
Example:
I hate (insert class here) trying to pass it is like trying to swim up a waterfall.
Attacks:
Example:
My opponent would see us hand over control of our country to our enemies.
Definition
Portraying opposing views or people as foolish,dangerous, uncaring or deceitful in an attempt to discredit them
Alliteration
Definition:
repetition of initial consonant sounds to add
emphasis
Example:
She sell sea shells down by the sea shore.
Inclusive/Exclusive Language
Definition
:Use of we, us and our to show solidarity, or They and them to show exclusion
Examples
:
We are all in this together. It is up to us to see that this great undertaking of ours does not fail.
They did this to us. It is all their fault. We must rise up and oppose them.
Straw man
Definition:
Oversimplifying an opponent's viewpoint and then attacking that hollow argument.
Example:
People who don't support the proposed state
minimum wage increase hate the poor.
Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc
Definition
: A conclusion that assumes that if 'A' occurred after ' B; then 'B; must have caused 'A'
Example
: I drank bottled water and now i am sick, so the water must have made me sick
Either/ Or
Definitions:
A conclusion that oversimplifies the argument by reducing it to only two sides or choices.
Examples:
We can either stop using cars or destroy the earth
Red Herring
Definition
: A diversionary tactic avoids the key issues, often by avoiding opposing arguments rather than addressing them
Example
: The level of mercury in seafood may be unsafe, but what will fishers do to support their families?
Hasty Generalization
Definition:
A conclusion based on insufficient or
biased evidence. In other words, you are rushing to a conclusion before you have all the relevant facts.
Example:
Even though it's only the first day, I can tell this is going to be a boring course.
Genetic Fallacy
Definition:
A conclusion based on an argument that the origins of a person, idea, institute, or theory determine its
character, nature, or worth
Example:
The Volkswagen Beetle is an evil car because it was originally designed by Hitler's army.
Fallacy (Fallacies)
Definition:
errors in reasoning that will
undermine the logic of your argument.
Example:
False Cause (Cause and Effect)
Ad Hominem
Definition:
An attack on the character of a person rather than his or her opinions or arguments.
Example:
Green Peace's strategies aren't effective because they are all dirty, lazy hippies.
Moral Equivalence
Definition:
Comparing minor misdeeds with major
atrocities.
Example:
That parking attendant who gave me a ticket is as
bad as Hitler.
Slippery Slope
Definition
: This is a conclusion based on the premise that if A happens, then eventually through a series of small steps, through B, C,..., X, Y, Z will happen, too, basically equating A and Z. So , if allowed to occur either.
Example
: If we ban Hummers because they are bad for the environment eventually the government all ban all cars, so we should not ban Hummers
Ad populum
Definition:
An emotional appeal that speaks to positive (such as patriotism, religion, democracy) or negative (such as terrorism or fascism) concepts rather than the real issue at hand.
Example:
•If you were a true American you would support the rights of people to choose whatever vehicle they want.
Circular argument
Definitions:
This restates the argument rather than actually proving it.
Examples
:
The President is a good communicator because he speaks effectively.