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Logical fallacies and persuasive techniques (Logical fallicies (Begging…
Logical fallacies and persuasive techniques
Logical fallicies
Ad hominem
An attack on the character of a person rather than their arguments
Example: People who want to keep guns are gun nuts
Fallacy
Common errors in reasoning that will undermine the logic of your argument
Ad Populum
Emotional appeal to positive or negative concepts rather than a real issue
Example:People who value the Constitution should defend the 2nd amendment
Begging the claim
A conclusion that the writer should prove is validated within the claim
Example:The brutal and violent species of pitbulls should be banned
Hast Generalization
A conclusion based on insufficient or
biased evidence.
Example:Making students wear dress code means a strong dislike towards eachother
Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc
A conclusion that assumes that if 'A'
occurred after 'B' then 'B' must have
caused 'A.‘
Example"My toyota corolla tires always lose psi, so Toyota should recall the cars
Red herring
A diversionary tactic that avoids the key
issues, often by avoiding opposing
arguments rather than addressing them.
The level of mercury in seafood may be unsafe, but
what will fishers do to support their families?
Moral Equivalence
Comparing minor misdeeds with major
atrocities.
The police pulling me over is something that comes out of orwell 1984
Slippery slope
This is a conclusion based on the premise that
if A happens, then eventually through a series
of small steps, z will eventually happen
Example:Banning "assault rifles" would mean banning rifles
Straw man
Oversimplifying an opponent's
viewpoint and then attacking that
hollow argument.
Example:People who don't support the proposed state
minimum wage increase hate the poor.
Circular argument
This restates that the argument rather than actually proving it
Example: Guns protect people because they stop attackers
Genetic Fallacy
A conclusion based on an argument that
the origins of a person, idea, institute, or
theory determine its character, nature,
or worth.
Example:Most Republicans voters don't have a college degree
Either/or
A conclusion that over simplifies the argument by reducing to only 2 sides or choices
Example:We can either ban hate speech or have racism in our country
Persuasive techniques
Apeal
Playing on the audience’s emotions, fears, needs or
desires to persuade them that you are right
Examples: emotions,fears, needs, desires
Evidence
Using statistics, Expert opinion, Research finding, and
anecdotal evidence to prove a point.
Examples:Research, statistics, expert opinion
Attacks
Examples:If you believe that money can solve all of your problems
then you are a fool.
Portraying opposing views or people as foolish,
dangerous, uncaring or deceitful in an attempt to
discredit them
Inclusive,Exclusive language
Use of we, us and our to show solidarity, or They and
them to show exclusion
Examples:They did this to us. It is all their fault. We must rise up
and oppose them.
Connotation
using emotionally loaded words to influence people
ExamplesBrat, Child,Rascal
Analogy
Example:I hate (insert class here) trying to pass it is like trying to
swim up a waterfall.
Comparing one thing to another in order to prove a
point.
Generalization
Making a sweeping statement about a whole group
based upon one or two members of the group.
Example:Sports fans are all crazy.
Jargon
using specialized/technical terms to show oneself to
be an expert in the field they are discussing
Example:Hammerhead, Masthead, Nameplate, Wicket, Sidebar,
Formal Language
Using higher level language with limited emotional
reactions to sound more knowledgeable
The above really means: 87 years ago, the founding
fathers decided that America should be a land of
freedom.
Rhetorical Question
Questions which do not expect an answer and are
asked for effect only.
Example:What are you doing?
Cause and effect
Arguing that one thing led to another
Example:Because you were outside while it was raining, you got
wet.
Humor
Using puns, irony, sarcasm, satire, and jokes to
discredit opposing views
Example:Saying “totally artraged” instead of “outraged” when
talking about controversial art
Colloquial Language
informal, everyday language used to appear friendly
and similar to their audience
Example:“That totally grossed me out” vs. “That really disgusted
me”
Alliteration
repetition of initial consonant sounds to add
emphasis
ExampleShe sell sea shells down by the sea shore.
Assonance
Repetition of vowel sounds for emphasis
Example:The elite meet and greet