Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Parts of speech (Nestfield (purpose), contextual (man the boat) =…
Parts of speech
Nestfield (purpose), contextual (man the boat) = Jespersen, but prescriptive grammar
Verb - word to say smth about person or thing
Preposition - word placed before noun or pronoun to show relation to something else
Adjective - word to qualify a noun
Conjunction joins words or clauses
Pronoun - instead of a noun, noun-equivalent
Adverb qualifies everything, except noun or pronoun
Noun - word to name person or thing
Interjection - word/sound thrown into sentence to express feeling
Otto Jespersen - Danish (meaning, form, function) = H.Sweet, but pronoun is separate)
Adjectives
Pronouns (+numerals, pronominal adverbs)
Substantives (+proper names)
Verbs
Particles (adverbs, prepositions, conj, interj)
Remarks
writER, longER - same plane of expression, different of content
absence of morpheme conveys meaning - bright/brighter, plate/plates, call/called, ironic/ironically
Allomorphs - same plane of content, different of expression, plural - boxes, oxen, phenomena, indeces
morphemes are roots (free or bound) and affixes, affixes are derivational/functional (always bound)
Charles Fries (structural grammar), classification based on recording of speech
Parts of speech (frame, distribution - horizontal, substitution - vertical)
2- verbs
3 - adj
1 - nouns
4 - adverbs
15 functional classes (by letters) - words, that can't enter a frame without destroying the structure
second - prepositions, conjunctions
third - whole sentence referenrs (what, how, let's)
first - articles, modal verbs, intensifyers
Frame - formula of typical construction typical for a particular word of a particular class
C. The team went there
B. The clerk remembered the tax (suddenly)
A. The concert was good (always)
problems: adjective in only 1 frame in untipical position
Modern approach (Vinogradov)
Notional (old changeable)
Noun
Function (valency+sentence function) - subject, object, attribute (a brick wall), predicative (I am a teacher), adverbial modifier (in the classroom), combined with everything except adv (if no preposition)
Meaning (of the whole class) - thingness, substance
Form (derivation+grammatical category) - specific derivation forms, common-proper-abstract-collective, have number, case and ?gender?
Pronoun
Forms - derivation os questionable, have number, gender, case
Functions as subject (I am), object (see you), attribute (my book), predicative (it's me), adv mod (somewhere), combined with nouns and verbs
Meaning of indication (deixis)
verb
Form built by affixes, opposition of finite and non-finite (infinitive, gerund, participle), has person, number, tense, time correlation, aspect, voice, mood (indicative, imperative, subjunctive)
Functions as predicate (finite) and mixed (verbal+non-verbal in non-finite), combined with nouns, pronouns and adverbials
Meaning of process
adverb
Form of specific derivation, has degrees of comparison for qualitatives
Functions as adv modifiers, combined with adj and verbs
Meaning of secondary property
adjective
Form - specific suffixal derivation, has degrees of comparison (qualitative)
Functions as subject (orange is the new black). attribute and predicative, combined with adverb or noun
Meaning of property (qualitative and relative)
Numeral
Form - few simple numerals, specific composition, derivation for ordinal numbers
Function - subject, attribute, predicative (4 is my favourite number, we are 4), combined with nouns and verbs
Meaning of number (cardinal/ordinal)
Functional (old unchangeable) - only meaning, no form or function
Conjunction - connection of phenomena
Particle specifies and limits meaning (even, not. just)
Preposition - dependency between substantives
Modal words express speaker's attitude (probably, fortunately, perhaps)
Article - limitation of substantive function
Interjection signals emotions
H. Sweet - English (meaning, form and function) - traditional scientific grammar
Declinable
Noun-word
Noun proper
Noun-pronoun (pronoun as a subject)
noun-numeral (4 is my fav)
Infinitive (to rest is important)
Gerund (resting is important)
Adjective-word
Adj pronoun (genitive)
adj numeral (3 men)
Adj proper
participle (shocked audience)
Verbs
Finite
Non-finite
Participle (I'm smiling)
Gerund (they hate waiting)
Infinitive (She wants to stop)
Indeclinable (adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions and interjections
Studied in morphology, the part of grammar, which studies the forms of words
Morpheme - the smallest meaningful unit, into which a word can be divided (Writers=basic lexical meaning, agent and number)
Part of speech - grammatically relevant class of words, grouped depending on various formal and semantic features (Ancient Greek , traditional)