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the evolution of language - was it long and gradual or short and sudden?…

- - - - using symbolic thought as a proxy
        
        BUT, don't want to have things that can be created by imitation?
        
        1 - left with objects from the African Middle Stone Age (MSA) e.g. pierced shell beads from various100,000-year-old sites and the ,80,000-year-old geometrically engraved plaques from South Africa’s Blombos Cave [33] as the earliest undisputed symbolic objects.
        Such objects began to be made only substantially after the appearance, around 200,000 years ago
        only expressed after a necessary cultural stimulus had exerted itself. This stimulus was most plausibly the appearance of language in members of a species that demonstrably already possessed the peripheral vocal apparatus required to externalize it
    - - do different skeletons of our ancestors have the speech production morphologies required for speech?
        
        we can tell where in history it went back to
        
        but we can't know for sure that they actually had language even though they had the ability to make noises that modern humans can make
        
        evolution ofanatomical ability to express language through speech was acquired at a considerable cost, namely the notinsignificant risk of adults choking to death [25,36], as simultaneous breathing and swallowing became impossible with the descent of the larynx.
        
        Ardipithecus ramidus (4.5mya) has the morphology to be able to produce human speech 2
      - do they have genes that might be required for language - e.g. FOXP2?
        
        1 - FOXP2 cannot be regarded as ‘‘the’’ gene ‘‘for’’ language, since it is only one of many that have to be functioning properly to permit its normal expression
        
        Neanderthals possessed the modern version of the FOXP2 gene [29