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Notes (Persuasive Techniques (Appeal (:explode:playing on the audiences,…
Notes
Persuasive Techniques
Appeal
:explode:playing on the audiences, fear, needs or desires to persuade
:star: Desires (you can be just like everyone else if you...)
Evidence
:warning: Using statistics, Research finding, and anecdotal evidence to prove a point.
example: : Studies how 9 out of 10 dentists recommended (insert toothpaste brand here.
Attacks
:explode:Portraying opposing views or people as foolish, dangerous, uncaring, or deceitful in an attempt to discredit them
:star: My opponent would see us hand over control of our country to our enemies
Inclusive/ Exclusive Language
:warning: Use of we, us and our to show solidarity, or they and them to show exclusion
Example- We are all in this together. It is up to us to see that this great undertaking of ours does not fail.
Rhetorical Questions
:explode:questions which do not expect an answer and are asked for effect only
:star:What are you thinking? (asked to someone who just did something really foolish)
Cause and effect
:warning: Arguing that one thing led to another.
example- Because you were outside while it was raining, you got wet
Connotation
:explode: using loaded words to influence people
:star: cherub = positive emotional association Brat = negative emotional association all can be used when referring to a kid
Analogy
:warning: Comparing one thing to another in order to prove a point
example- I hate (insert class) trying to pass it is like trying to swim up a waterfall.
Generalization
:explode:making a sweeping statement about a whole group based upon one or two members of the group
:star: sports fan are all crazy
Humor
:warning: Using puns, irony, sarcasm, satire, and jokes, to discredit opposing views
example- saying "totally artraged" instead of "outraged' when talking about controversial art
Jargon
:explode:using specialized/technical terms to show oneself to be an expert in the field they discussing
:star: hammerhead, Nameplate, and feature all mean significantly different things to a journalist then to the average person
Alliteration
:warning: repetition of initial consonant sound to add emphasis
example- She sell sea down by the sea shore.
Formal Language
:warning: Using higher level language with limited emotional reaction to sound more knowledgeable
example- the above really means: 87 years ago, the founding fathers decided that America should be a land of freedom
Colloquial Laguage
:explode: informal, everyday language used to appear friendly and similar to their audience
:star:"That totally grossed me out" vs. "That really disgusted me"
Assonance
:explode: repetition of vowel sounds for emphasis
:star: the elite meet and greet
Purpose
: to establish a common understanding of terms for common Persuasive Techniques
Logical Fallacies
Fallacy (Fallacies):
Common errors in reasoning that will undermine your argument's logic.
illegitimate arguments, irrelevant points,lacks evidence
Ad Hominem
Def.
An attack on the character of a person rather than his or her opinions or arguments
:eight_spoked_asterisk:
Green Peace's strategies aren't effective because they are all dirty, lazy hippies
Ad Populum
Def.
An emotional appeal that speaks to positive (such as patriotism, religion, democracy) or negative (such as terrorism or fascism) concepts rather than the real issue at hand.
:eight_spoked_asterisk:
If you were a true American you would support the rights of people to choose whatever vehicle they want.
Begging the Claim
Def.
A conclusion that the writer should prove is validated within the claim.
:eight_spoked_asterisk:
Filthy and polluting coal should be banned.
Circular Argument
Def.
This restates the argument rather than actually proving it.
:eight_spoked_asterisk:
The President is a good communicator because he speaks effectively.
Either/Or
Def.
A conclusion that oversimplifies the argument by reducing it to only two sides or choices.
:eight_spoked_asterisk:
We can either stop using cars or destroy the earth.
Genetic Fallacy
Def.
A conclusion based on an argument that the origins of a person, idea, institute, or theory determine its character, nature, or worth.
:eight_spoked_asterisk:
The Volkswagen Beetle is an evil car because it was originally designed by Hitler's army.
Hasty Generalization
Def.
A conclusion based on insufficient or biased evidence. In other words, you are rushing to a conclusion before you have all the relevant facts.
:eight_spoked_asterisk:
Even though it's only the first day, I can tell this is going to be a boring course.
Moral Equivalence
Def.
Comparing minor misdeeds with major atrocities.
:eight_spoked_asterisk:
That parking attendant who gave me a ticket is as bad as Hitler
Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc
Def.
A conclusion that assumes that if 'A' occurred after 'B' then 'B' must have caused 'A'.
:eight_spoked_asterisk:
I drank bottled water and now I am sick, so the water must have made me sick.
Straw Man
Def.
Oversimplifying an opponent's viewpoint and then attacking that hollow argument.
:eight_spoked_asterisk:
People who don't support the proposed state minimum wage increase hate the poor.
Red Herring
Def.
A diversionary tactic that avoids the key issues, often by avoiding opposing them.
:eight_spoked_asterisk:
The level of mercury in seafood may be unsafe, but what will fishers do to support their families?
Slippery Slope
Def.
This is a conclusion based on the premise that if A happens, then eventually through a series of small steps, through B, C, . . ., X, Y, Z. So, if we don't want Z to occur, A must not be allowed to occur either.
:eight_spoked_asterisk:
If we ban Hummers because they are bad for the environment eventually the government will ban all cars, so we should not ban Hummers.
Purpose:
Important to know logical fallacies so we can avoid them in our writing and to recognize them.