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5.1 Logical Fallacies and Persuasive Techniques (Persuasive Techniques…
5.1 Logical Fallacies and Persuasive Techniques
Logical Fallacies
Ad Hominem: An attack on the character of a person rather than his or her opinions or arguments Ex: Green peaces strategies aren't effective because they are all dirty.
Ad Populum: An emotional appeal that speaks to positive or negative, concepts rather than the real issue at hand Ex:If you were a true american you would support the rights of of people to choose whatever vehicle they want.
Fallacy(Fallacies) common errors in reasoning that will undermine the logic of your argument,are often identified because they lack evidence that supports their claim
Begging the claim: A conclusion that the writer should prove is validated within the claim Ex: Filthy and polluting coal should be banned
Circular Argument: Restates the argument rather than actually proving it Ex:The president is a good communicator because he speaks effectively
Either /Or :A conclusion that oversimplifies the argument by reducing it to only two sides or choices Ex: We can either stop using cars or destroy the earth.
Genetic Fallacy: A conclusion based on an argument that the origins of a person , idea, institute, or theory determine its character, nature or worth
Ex: The Volkswagen beetle is an evil car because it was originally designed by Hitlers army
Persuasive Techniques
Appeal
- targetting the audience's emotions. example: emotions (you would be so happy if...)
Evidence
- using statistics, expert opinion. example: studies show 9 out of 10 dentists recommend
Attacks
- portraying opposing views as foolish. example: my opponent would see us hand over control of our country to our enemies
Inclusive/Exclusive Language -
use of we, us, and our to show solidarity, or they and them to show exclusion. example: we are all... they did this...
Rhetorical Question -
questions which do not expect an answer and are asked for effect only. example: are you okay?(asked to someone who is clearly in pain)
Cause and Effect
- arguing that one thing led to another. example: because you were outside while it was raining, you got wet
Connotation
- using emotionally loaded words to influence people. example: child = neutral emotional association
Analogy
- comparing one thing to another in order to prove a point. example: i hate (insert class here) trying to pass it is like trying to swim up a waterfall
Colloquial Language
- informal everyday language used to appear friendly and similar to the audience. example: "that totally grossed me out"
Assonance
- repetition of vowel sounds for emphasis. example: the elite meet and greet
Alliteration
- repetition of initial consonant sounds to add emphasis. example: she sell sea shells down by the sea shore
Persuasive
Definition
Playing on the audience's emotions, fears, needs of desires to persuade them that you are right.
examples
:
"you would be happy if..."
"you wouldn't get sad if...."
Evidence:
The use of statistics, opinions from experts, research findings and anecdotes.
Example:
"studies show 9 out of 10 cats prefer whiskars"
Attacks
:
portraying opposing views of other people as bad as you can. This is the attempt to persuade the reader to be on your side.
Example
:
My opponent would see us hand over control of out country to our enemy
Generalization
Making a sweeping statement about a whole group based upon one or two memebers of the gripup
Example
"Sports fan are all crazy"
Humor
using puns, irony, sarcasm, satire, and jokes to discredit opposing views.
Example
Saying "tally artraged" instead of "outraged" when talking about controversial art
Jargon
Using specialized/technical terms to show oneself to be an expert in the field they are discussing
Example
hammerhead, masthead, nameplate, wicket, sidebar, Op/Ed and feature all mean significantly different things to a journalist than to the average person.
Formal Language
Using higher language with limites emotional reactions to sounds more knowledgeable
Example
"Four score seven years ago our founding fathers brought fourth upon this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal"
other terms that we should know
repetition
metaphor
simile
hyperbole
personification
imagery
Logical Fallacies
Slippery Slope- Is a conclusion based on the premise that eventually happens through a series of small steps
Red Herring- a diversionary tactic that avoids the key issues, often by avoiding opposing arguments rather than addressing them.
Straw men- over simplifying an opponent's view point and then attacking that hollow argument
Post Hoc Propter Hoc- a conclusion that assumes that if 'A' occurred after 'B' then 'B' must have caused 'A'
Moral Equivalence- Comparing minor misdeeds with major atrocities
Hasty Generalization- a conclusion based on insufficient or biased evidence. You are rushing to a conclusion before you have all the relevant facts