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Foreign Policy (Synoptic) (ELIZABETH (aims: 1. curb F threat by…

- - - - :( Sp were an unreliable ally, only sent 2k men. :( Anne married charles of F. :( 1491 annexation.
      - 1492 TofEtaples: eng eould leave brit if C gave H financial compensation. :) got £159k and an agreement of $5k per annum
- - - - middle 1528 eng and fr declare war on sp :( failure. 1538 truce of Nice (10 yr truce between CV AND fr
      - late: 1543 Secret alliance with charles to invade fr.
      - early 1509: marriage to cath of aragon. 1525 battle of pavia :) SP defeat fr and francis becomes a prisoner. :(eng asked to provide army but unable to & charles reiestablishes peae with francis :( failure of am grant. TofWindsor- sp and e agree to invade f in 1523. 1527 TofWestminster attempt to join E anf F together.
    - - middle: 1528 seeks alliance from schmalkaldic league, used lutheran princes as a means to pressure pope to grant divorce. 1538 many failed attempts to marry german princesses.
        
        MIDDLE FP SUMMARY :) benefit of hindsight suggrsts that there was no real threat of a cath crusade to eng immediately following the shism. :( H had little control over FP, beleived threats were real, fear determined much of the FP in this period.
      - late: 1540 marriage to cleves, married her solely for an alliance with the duke of cleves.
      - early: 1526 creates new f.p issues. H now suspicous of cath europe and sponsors the anti-hapsburg league og cognac. 1527, C captures rome and pope, at same time as H making disre for divorce pubic, unfortunate timing. 1528 Charles (sp) now Holy Roman Emporer, controls trae from antwerp.
    - - middle: 1527 TofAmiens war- fr and eng against charles. 1529 peace of cambrai :( fr makes peace with sp, leaves eng isolated again. 1532 francis recieves anne as queen. 1537 james 5th marries fr's daughter :( if f became hostile then it had a back door into eng.
      - late: 1540 truce of nice collapsed :( hoped alliance with F never materialised. 1542 failed attempt to marry Mary tudor and fr's son 1544 capture of Boulogne prestigious victory and excellent propaganda, but undermined by charles making peace with fr in TofCrepy :( costly campaign. 1544 peace of crepy with france :( H lost an imperial ally + in spring in 1545 F was readying 200 ships to launch an invasion of eng via scot. 1546 peace of ardes. H agrees to give boulogne back to F after 8 years :) F pension reinstated. :( cost of war outweighed gain.
      - early 1508: league of Cambrai :( eng left out of euro politics. 1510 E declares war on F. 1512: holy league invasion of F. :( bertrayed by ferd, used as ferd as a diversionary tactic whilst he conquerred Navarre, troops get dyssentry and revolt, army of 10k achieved nothing. 1513 Battle of Spurs :) captured tournai and therouanne (bargaining counters) + killed James and many sc nobles :( they were soft targets and didn't serve H's interests :( campaigns largely funded by wealth which H7 bequeathed his son. 1514 eng-french treaty- recovered war pension of £10k and secured marriage alliance (mary and louis) :( alliance short lived. 1517 TofCambrai :( eng isolated from euro pol again. 1523 failed joint invasion of F :( H spent £430k on warfare between 1523-5 :( unprecendented assault on domestic private purse :( led to failed am grant 1525 and the subsequent riots.
    - - middle: 1538 h excommunicated and papal crusade called :( conspiracy of exeter, only 2 yrs aftr PofG + precarious international situ :( apparent attempts from H to appease foreign powers was undermined by crom's attack on monsaticism. :) only a percieved threat.
      - late (predominantly scotland) 1541 meeting arranged at yorkwith james 5th of scot :( j didn't show up, attempt to imrpove relations with sc thwarted. 1542 ROUGH WOOING invasion of scotland, anxiety about the threat of a scottish pro-french party, led by beaton and mary of guise, H was prepared for war. 1542 victory of solway moss, many sc nobles cpatured, james killed, heir was MQS but only 3yrs old, opp for H to push conquest. 1543 TofGreenwich, signed by scot nobles, promised marriage between ed and MQS :( H didnt have custody over MQS so gained nothing from solway victory. 1544 capture of ed :) 1546 beaton murdered :) loss of major pro french leader in scot.
      - early 1511 anglo-papal alliance: :) renewal of TofEtaples. :( damaged relationship with F that was resurrected by h7, lost F pension in 1513. 1513 Battle of Flodden Field :) removed james from power :( had to liquidate assets to pay for war, lost f pension, alomst caused a taxation revolt on yorkshire. BETWEEN 1511 & 1525 H SPENT £1.4M FIGHTING WARS 1518 treaty of london :) successful attempt to avoid diplo isolation BUT :( only lasted 6 months. 1520 field of the cloth of gold :) displayed eng's stature (competed in a dual against charles) improved e's prestige. :( cost £1.5m, nothing seriously diplomatic achieved (can't compete financially with other european powers) king's great matter in 1526 creates new f.p issues. H now suspicous of cath europe and sponsors the anti-hapsburg league og cognac.
- - - - somerset :( F took advantage of Eng's domestic difficulties
      - northumberland F cut supply between calais and boulogne, eng bankrupt and not able to relieve seige of boulogne. 1550 under peace treaty eng had to withdraw from boulogne in return for a ransom of 400k crowns :) stablilised econ :( humiliating and made eng's stature seem weak.
    - - somerset 1547 B of Pinkie (naval and land invasion) :) victory! eng retains control of eng chanel:) garrisoning South Scotland and captured Dunbar and Edinburgh. MQS could be used as a pawn in other FP negotiations. :( used garrisons to secure border, failed to create a naval blockade across of frith of forth & MQS was taken to F to marry the king.
        
        was successful in garrisoning scotland and pushing their lines back further north. Beat Scotland at the Battle of Pinky Clugh. However, his inexperience showed as he failed to exploit his victories and blockade the Fourth of Fife, esseitanlly undoing all prev successes. Garrisons were also expensive to uphold and the Crown was in a dire finacial state. He ultimately rested on his laurels and forgot about the Auld Alliance, was overly ambitious.
      - northumberland 1550 N made himself warden of the north 1552 border restored to the line held before H8's sc campaign.
    - - northumberland improved relations with F = deterioration of relations with HRE. CV annoyed at eng attempts to form m to aboandon her cath faith :( breakdown in commercial contracts which ahd been in place since 1496. 1550 CV issued edict allowing the cath inquisiton- arrest of any heretics in neth, outraged eng merchants :( caused collapse of antwerp market.
- - - - reasons for loss of calais:Philip failed to press home advantageous position in 1557 as he took a break for Winter - convention. This gave French a chance to regroup, 27,000 French soldiers overwhelmed English 1,600 garrisoned at Calais, defences held out heroically for 3 weeks but then gave in
- - - - middle RISK: helping hugeunots might cement sp/guise alliance- e doesnt have enough money to fight. ALSO hepling prots would ruin frenship with CdeM- cunning help on both sides: e sent unofficial help to hugeunots and renewed negswith catherine on alencon marriage. 1572 TofBlois- f abandoned support for MQS & forms a defensive league agianst sp. treaty in jeapoardy immediatley, 1572 Bartholomew day massacre- catherine tries to kill huguenot leader Coligny for encouraging her son to enter war with sp. Paris mob murders 3,000 Hs. 1580 TofPlessisLeTours dutch rebels odffered sovereginty to Anjou- 1581 liz provides anj with funds for intervention- anj defeated sp at antwerp in 1583 but anj was ead in '84 ENDED ENG ATTEMPTS TO USE F MILITARY INTERVENTIONS AGAINST SP IN NETH. financing a cath, suggests traditional fp, liz protecting dutch semi independence rather than prots.
      - late; 1591 e sent 300 troops to rouen. 1591-93 e forces remain in brittany- to secure H4th hold on french crown in opppstion to the cath league and to prevent sp control of french ports of brest and dieppe. 1590 sp troops in brit, if they controlled normandy they could link up to sp army in flanders. 1593- h converts to cath :) ideal for liz as united f and made cath league redunadant- f unlikely to ally with sp against e cos indebted to her, 1595 e troops withdraw from fr. 1596 tripple alliance with e, fr and neth. e recognises untied provinces (neth) as a soveregin state- demonstrates her pragmatic approach to protecting eng interests. 1598 so and fr at peace. Edict of nantes- h delcared relgious toleration for huguenots.
      - early: By 1559 E1 needed to tie up loose ends of Hapsburg Valois war, placate the Auld Alliance whilst being wary of Spain's rise to power. 1559 TofCataeu-Cambresis ended H-V conflict. BUT :( F said they would give calais back or pay pension and that never happened. :) F embroiled in relig wars from '62-'98 Huguenot vs guise liz sent Huguenot leader 140k crowns & 3k troops to protect la Havre. political? exploiting divisions in F? 1564 TofTroyes :( gave up rights to Calais :( failure at Le havre, e watned to exchange it for calais :( threat from guise faction- TURNING POINT- E RELUCTANT TO SUPPORT REBELS.
    - - middle: 1557 drake's attack on Sp naval base of cadiz inturrputed armada preps. 1580 phil vecomes king of portugal too, can have a large ocean going fleet. once e sided with the rebels, ph had no choice but to go to war. 1585 ph seizes eng and prot ships in sp.
      - late; 1596-7 ph launches further armadas, attmepts to land un cornwall and ireland to assist to tyrone rebels but was prevented by rough seas. 1601 sp ex force at kinsale in ireland to assist tyrone rebels. conflcit w sp long running and expensive.
      - early 1559 philllip proposed marriage, e declined. P supported guise in attempt to exploit divisions in F for political gain. up to 1570 p happy for peace with e, didnt want MQS as q of e. joint suspicion of guise kept them friendly :( 1571 instructed Alva (governer of neth) to send 10k troops for the ridolfi plot. marked change in realtions. (alva =zealous catholic, involved in the sp inquisition of prots.
      - ARMADA: result of l.term deteiroration of rleations. war broek out after secret TofJonville (guise and sp)- in response E made TofNonsuch w dutch prot rebs. 1588 armada sent to eng via neth- winds forced fleets to go around scot and ireland. 1589 sir francis vere made commander of eng forces in neth- worked effectively with d prots- 1594 north of neth is prot and south is cath. :) attacks on shipping by drake and raliegh achieved some economic gain but little strategic. Ph ordered another invasion in '96 but was defeated by storm- war concluded after deaths of both ph and e in 1604
        
        why did the armada fail? 1. PROTESTANT WIND 2. origional captain of armada died so the inexperienced medina sidonia had to head the fleet 3. eng took advantage of sp disruptions, steered medina away from parma who was waiting in neth. 4. sp strategically poor, werent able to stop at neth to pick up fleet.
    - - middle 1576 spanish fury- unpiad sp army in antwerp mutinied and this brought all 17 neth provinces against sp. 1576 Pacification of ghent- an alliance of the provinces of the Habsburg Netherlands for the purpose of driving mutinying Spanish mercenary troops from the country. 1584 William of Orange dies :( risk that neth will be vulnerable to Sp. 1586 E of Leicester becomes gov of neth. 1572 Dutch Revolt- phil's percpetion was that eng was breeding ground for dutch dissent. 1573 convention of Nymegen- liz negotiating with alva for resumption of trade between sp and e. 1574 TofBristol eng withdrew support for raids on sp shipping in the indies.
      - early 1563 trade embargo on eng exports to ant by cardinal gravelle, gravelle believed liz was involved in an intl conspiracy. 1562 TofHamptonCourt 1562 allowed eng to be a base for prot privateers, to attack french cath shipping- embargo ended in 1564. 1567 p sent 10 troops for ridolfi plot1568 liz seized sp ships who sought refuge at eng ports from pirates (ships bound for alva in neth), most rebels defeated. THEN e siezed 400,000 florins (currency) being loaned to phil. phil siezed eng ships and imposed an embargo from 1568-1573
    - - middle MQS focus of early fp. 1586 Babington plot resulted in a trial in which M was found guilty. e reluctant to execute another monarch, but cec said it was needed for natinoal security. M beheaded in 1587 - impetus for armada
      - early: developing conflicts. 1559 rising of the lords of the Congregation- rebellion against F cath regent of scotland (Mary of guise- MQS's mother). :) cecil persuaded E to send $ to rebels- liz sent eng fleet to firth of forth to intercept F troops :) f fleet damaged in storm. 1560 TofBerwick liz offered sc prots protection. 1559 threat of MQS- young king and queen encouraged by guise faction to use the coat of arms of eng monarchs- cecil saw this as a cath plan to press claims of m to eng throne, while securing scot power :( 1560 TofEd e shows little enthusiasm for international prot soildarity & did not hide her support of the Lords of rhe congregation. :) TRIUMPH solves relig laws in sc, freedom of worship guarunteed and MQS recognised E as q of england
    - - late: 1599 mass desertions and mil defeat causes E ofEssex to sign unauthoirsed truce with tyrone rebels- liz then deprived essex of his titles and ordered his arrest- he attempts a coup in 1601 -fail. 1600 Blount becomes lord dep of ireland, 1601 with an army of 13,000 b defeated, o'neil and spanish expeditonary force with siege of kinsale.