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Lymphatic and Immune System (Antigens (foreign antigens (bind with…
Lymphatic and Immune System
Anatomy of Lymphatic System
Thymus
bilobed organ
located in superior mediastinum
composed primarily of epithelial tissue
contains lymphatic cells
lymph nodes
small, round or oval encapsulated structures
located along the pathways of lymph vessels where they serve as the main lymphatic organ
lymphatic vessels
afferent
bring lymph into a lymph node
efferent
lymph drained via this vessel
Spleen
largest lymphatic organ in body
convex and rounded
hilum
where blood vessels and nerves enter and leave spleen
splenic artery
delivers blood to the spleen
splenic vein
drains blood
tonsils
found in pharynx and oral cavity
pharyngeal tonsil
posterior wall of nasopharyx
when enlarged- adenoid
palatine tonsil
posterolateral region of oral cavity
lingual tonsil
along posterior one-third of the tongue
lymphatic nodules
"lymphatic follicles"
small, oval clusters of lymphatic cells
MALT
Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue
located in the lamina propria of the mucosa of GI, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts
very prominent in mucosa of small intestine, primarily in ileum
Cells
neutrophils
engulf unwanted substances through phagocytosis
process involves a lysosome and respiratory burst
respiratory burst- "Oxidative burst"
release of reactive oxygen-containing molecules such as nitric oxide, hydrogen peroxide, and superoxide
macropahages
engulf unwanted substances through phagocytosis
process involves a lysosome and respiratory burst
respiratory burst- "Oxidative burst"
release of reactive oxygen-containing molecules such as nitric oxide, hydrogen peroxide, and superoxide
dendritic cells
engulf unwanted substances through phagocytosis
basophils
proinflammatory chemical-secreting cells
circulate in the blood
substances secreted increase fluid movement from blood to an injured tissue
serve as chemotactic chemicals
release granules during inflammatory response
contain histamine
increases vasodilation and capillary permeability
contain heparin
anticoagulant
release eicosanoids
increases inflammation
mast cells
proinflammatory chemical-secreting cells
reside in connective tissue of skin, mucosal linings, various internal organs
substance secreted increase fluid movement from blood to an injured tissue
serves as chemotactic chemicals
release granules during inflammatory response
contain histamine
increases vasodilation and capillary permeability
contain heparin
release eicosanoids
increases inflammation
NK cells
destroy a wide variety of unwanted cells
formed in bone marrow, circulate in blood, accumulate in secondary lymphatic structures of lymph node, spleen, and tonsils
release cytotozic chemicals
perforin
granzymes
eosinophils
target parasites
use degranulation and release of enzymes and other substances for destruction
participate in immune response associated with allergy and asthma
engage in phagocytosis of antigen-antibody complexes
Antibodies "Immunoglobulins"
"tag" specific antigen so it can be eliminated
5 Classes
IgE
causes release of histamine and other mediators of inflammation from basophils and mast cells, and attracts eosinophils
low rate of synthesis, formed in response to allergic reactions and to parasitic infections
IgD
functions to identify when immature B-lymphocytes may be ready for activation to participate in adaptive immunity
functions as the antigen-specific B-lymphocyte receptor
IgA
significant role in protecting the respiratory and GI tractt
found in areas exposed to environment- mucosal membranes, tonsils
IgM
responsible for rejection of mismatched blood transfusions
effective at causing agglutination of cells and binding complement
IgG
crosses placenta and can be responsible for hemolytic disease of the newborn
75%-85% of antibody in blood
structure
Y-shaped, soluble protein
two important functional regions
variable region
end of the "arms"
contain antigen-binding site
constant region
contains Fc region
portion that determines biological functions of antibody
6 Functions
Neutralization
prevents entry of virus into a cell by covering region of virus used to bind to a cell receptor
Agglutination
antibody links antigens to cause them to clump
Precipitation
antibody cross links circulating antigens, makes antigen-antibody complex that results in complexes to precipitate out of body fluids to allow elimination by macrophages
Complement
binds specific complement proteins to cause activation of complement by the classical pathway
Opsonization
make antibodies more likely to be seen as a target by phagocytic cells, antibody binds to receptors of phagocytic cells, triggering phagocytosis
NK cells
antibodies bind to NK receptors on NK cells, induces NK cells to destroy abnormal cells by release of cytotoxic chemicals that cause apoptosis
B-Lymphocytes
produce plasma cells
form antibodies
can make direct contact with an antigen
contain BCRs (B-cell receptors)
T-Lymphocytes
cell-mediated
immune response effective against antigens associated with cells
Helper t-cells
release cytokines that regulate or stimulate cells of adaptive and innate immunity
contain TCRs
contain CD4 protein
Cytotoxic t-cells
destroy unhealthy cells by apoptosis
contain TCRs (t-cell receptors)
contain CD8 protein
Antigens
contact with antigen causes lymphocyte to form an "army" against that antigen
substance that binds to a component of adaptive immunity
parts of infectious agents
foreign antigens
bind with body's immune components bc different from human body molecules
self antigens
body's molecules; don't bind with body's immune components
autoimmune disorders
immune system reacting to self-antigens as if they were foreign
antigenic determinant (epitope)
specific site on antigen molecule that is recognized by components of immune system
immunogen
antigen that induces an immune response