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Context, Issues, & Stakes (Micro (Actors (Negotiation Culture…
Context, Issues, & Stakes
Macro
International system
Polarity
Distribution of power between states
(1945-1963) Bi-Polar
Negotiations were in fixed alignment based on ideology
(1963 - 1989) Polycentrism
Preoccupation with your side of the world
Disintegration of bipolar
(1999+) Unipolarity with US
Some heads claim (1991-2001)
Global terrorism & Non state actors
Regional players through economics
Best way to peep is through treaties but now can peep through environment
Major environmental Summits
Shows how polarity affects outcomes
4 more items...
Crisis
Threat to values, population, economy, & land
Threat
Time pressure
Berlin Crisis
Got rid of deutchmark
Blockade
Airlift
Led to outcome that airlifted power :warning:
Stress
Wild card situation with possibility to change the system
Third party intervention
Mediation & Arbitration
Ignoring countries no more
Afghanistan & 9/11
Vegas Dilemma
What happens in countries doesn't stay in other countries
Arbritration
Legally Binding
Like court
Mediation
Parties negotiate it out
Types
Facilitative
Just make sure both parties come to the table
Formulative
Push for any outcome
Manipulative
Invested in getting an outcome
Micro
Actors
Number of Actors present
Coalitions
Hard to get everyone on the same page
Bring # of actors down
Weak actors get more sway
Team cohesion
State is not a unitary actor
Capabilites
Vietnam
The commies wanted it more
Negotiation Culture
Individualistic (low context)
Direct & blunt
Saying no
relationship oriented (high context)
Not direct outcome but long term relationship
Saying maybe
Commitment
Issues
Divisibility of gains
Zero sum
Positive sum
Benefits both states
But doesnt have to be all actors in a state
Issue Linkage
Move zero sum to positive sum
Getting issues in there not originally proposed
High politics
Hella outdated
High
Stability & economy
Low
Enviroment
Now Issue Salience
very hard to categorize in two buckets
how important during the time
Time frame
Iceberg Theory
90% of the negotiations happen in 10% of the time
Domestic audience
Putnam's Two level games
Agreement has to be acceptable at international & domestic level
Domestic weakness can be international strength
nothing to lose
Complex when comes to trade deals in the US
Non-self executing
Usually senate 2/3rd voter ratification
weight of law immediately
needs ratification :warning:
Trade agreement
fast track
Congress gives prez leeway to negotiate
can only say yes or no
Power of purse goes to congres