There is evidence demonstrating that shortfalls in safety, security and justice contribute to both poverty and underdevelopment (Ismail and Hendrickson, 2009). The presence of safety, security and justice can contribute to development outcomes including virtuous cycles of security and development, ‘with high levels of security leading to development and development further promoting security’ (Stewart, 2004, pp. 278-279). However, while evidence suggests that safety, security and justice are associated with development, establishing direct causality is complex (Cox, 2008; Roseveare, 2013).
