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animal functions (Metabolism (Size (metabolic rate is proportional to the…

- - - - Standard Metabolic Rate(SMR) "fasting" the ectotherms body temp is at rest at a certain temp
  - - - ex: artic ground squirrel enters a frozen state that the body temp reaches below 0 degrees
- - - - Mutualistic adaptions, their diets consist of cellulose in the plants but the animals don't produce enzymes to hydrolyze cellulose b/c of this the have large amounts of mutualistic bacteria and protists in fermentation chamber that are in their alimentary canal
        
        Ruminants adaption the cud-chewing of animals (deer, sheep, cattle)
  - - - vertebrates to regulate their metabolic rate use mineral iodine that is in the thyroid gland
        
        sodium, potassium and chloride help the nerve and the muscles function and also keep osmotic balances maintained
  - - - pharynx throat region open for passageway to trachea and the esophagus connects to stomach
        
        Stomach below the diaphragm it stores the food and digestion of proteins, then it secretes fluid called gastric juice and mixes it with food causing the churning. this is ingested food and gastric juice called chyme
        
        Stomach creates pepsin the breaks peptide bonds
        
        small intestine alimentary canal it forms the duodenum
        
        Pancreas helps chemical digestion producing an alkaline solution that is rich in bicarbonate that keep the acid at neutral and acts as a buffer . pancreatic enzymes are trypsin and chymotrypsin.
        
        bile mixtures made by the liver. bile helps digestion and absorption of lipids. bile is stored and concentrated in the gall bladder. the liver destroys the red blood cells are aren't useful and it also incorporates pigments by product of red blood cell disassembly
        
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  - - - intracellular digestion the cell engulfs solid food by phagocytosis and or liquid food, pinocytosis. new vacuoles combine with lysosomes, and organelles containing hydrolytic enzymes
        
        this allows safe digestion, used by sponges.
      - Extracellular digestion allows the animal to eat much bigger pieces so it can be digested by phagocytosis
        
        simple body plans with a digestive compartment with one opening called the gastrovascular cavity digestion and distribution of nutrients
        
        carnivores, hydra its tentacles stuff captured prey in the cavity, and the gland cells of the gastrodermis secretes digestive enzymes to break down soft tissue of the prey into tiny pieces
        
        flatworms and sponges
    - - Mechanical digestion chewing that leads to chemical digestion. mechanical breaks down the food into vey small pieces so it increases surface area available for chemical processing
        
        Chemical processing is needed in order for animals b/c the cant directly use the proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids and fats and the phospholipids. b/c they are too large for the animals membrane and cells and they cant pass through.
    - - Bulk feeding eating large pieces of food, adaptions are tentacles, pincers, claws, and venomous fang, jaw , or teeth that lets them kill and tear the prey pieces to pieces (snakes with loosely hinged jaw)
        
        Substrate feeding live in or on their food source (caterpillars, maggots)
        
        Fluid feeding the suck nutrient rich fluid from the host (mosquito, aphids, hummingbirds and bees)
  - - - digested into fuel that the body can use, occurs in the mouth, stomach peptides, the entire digestive tract are absorbs in the small intestine
  - - - Ghrelin secreted by stomach wall, triggers the hungry feeling before a meal
        
        insulin and PYY secreted from the small intestine suppresses appetite after eating
        
        Leptin produced by fat tissue also suppresses appetite and keeps fat level normal
- - - - the tissue is a barrier against injuries,pathogens and fluid loss
        
        Simple columnar epithelium found where secretion and active absorption is. the columnar is the lining of the intestines that secret the digestive juices and absord nutrients
        
        simple squamous epithelium the exchange of material by diffusion it lines the blood vessels and air sacs in the lungs
        
        Cuboidal epithelium specializes in secretion. build the epithelium of the kidney tubules and other glands. (salivary gland, thyroid gland)
        
        stratified squamous epithelium multilayered and regenerates rapidly, basal surface is where new cells are formed by division . found in abrasion such as outer skin, the linings of the mouth, anus and vagina
        
        pseudostratified columnar epithelium singe layer of cells that postilion with their nuclei. Mucous membrane lines portions of the respiratory tract
  - - - Collagenous strength and flexibility, reticular fiber connects connective tissue to adjacent tissue, elastic fibers make elastic tissues
        
        Loose connective tissue hold the organs in place, found in skin and body
        
        Fibrous connective tissue found in tendons attaches muscle to bones and the ligaments connecting bones at joints
        
        Bone mineralized connective tissue. osteoblasts deposits matrix of collagen, osteons layers on mineralized matrix are put around the central canal with the blood vessels and the nerves
        
        adipose tissue fat storage, insulates the body and stores fuel for fat molecules
        
        blood liquid extracellular matrix the plasma, water, salts, and dissolves proteins. plasma membrane(erythrocytes red blood cells, and leukocytes with blood cells) red carry oxygen ad white are defense and platelets aid in blood clotting
        
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  - - - Skeletal muscle attached to bones, it is voluntary. Bundles of long cells muscle fibers, During development skeletal muscle are fused together forming that result in many nuclei in the muscle fibers
        
        Smooth muscle is located in the digestive tract, urinary bladder, arteries, and other internal organs. The muscle is involuntary
        
        Cardiac muscle make up the contractile wall of heart, also relays signals cell to cell that synchronize heart contractions
  - - - Neurons receives impulses from other neurons and dendrites, and neurons transmit the impulses to neurons muscles and to axons
      - Glia nourish, insulate, replenish neurons and also modulate the neurons function
- - - - Circadian rhythm physiological changes happen every 24 hours, the human clock
        
        Acclimatization adjustment to environmental changes
  - - - endo can maintain a stale temp even if the environment changes, they also have a mechanism for cooling their body that lets them handle a lot of heat
    - - ecto use behavioral to adjust temp by basking in the sun or shade, and they consume less food than endotherms b/c their heat source is large
    - - one way thermoregulation helps maintain the amount of heat gain and to equal the same amount of heat loss
        
        the integumentary system is a mechanism that animas either reduce heat exchange or keep it in an particular area.(skin, hair,nails etc..)
    - - Ex: feathers on mammals and birds, fat, fur, and oil
        
        animals alter the amount of blood flowing through their body as the environment temp changes
        
        Vasodilation large vessels the blood flow increases, uses radiation, conduction, and convection to increases the transfer of heat through the body
        
        Vasoconstriction blood flow more to the core conserving heat by reducing blood flow
- - - - Respiratory gas exchange, oxygen taken in and carbon dioxide put out. lungs, trachea
        
        Immune and lymphatic fights infection and defense against cancer. bone marrow, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, lymph vessels
        
        Excretory elimination of metabolic wastes, regulation of osmotic balance of food, kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
        
        Endocrine body activities, digestion and metabolism, pituitary gland, thyroid, pancreas, adrenal, hormone secreting gland
        
        reproductive- reproduction, ovaries and testes
        
        Nervous body activities, the detection of stimuli and responses to them. Brain, spinal cord,nerves,sensory organs
        
        integumentary protection from injury, infection and dehydration and thermoregulation. Skin and its other forms hair,claws,skin glands.
        
        Skeletal supports the body and protects internal organs and movements. Skeleton, bones, tendons,ligaments,cartilage.
        
        Muscular body movement and blood circulation, Skeletal muscles