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Immune/ Lymphatic System (Secondary lymphatic structures (Site where…

- - - - Begin in bone marrow and mature in thymus, responsible for cell-mediated immune response
    - - Form and mature in red bone marrow, and stand for bursa of fabricius, responsible for humoral immune response
  - - - Respiratory tract
        
        Vibrissiae trap microbes
        
        Chemical Barrier: nasal secretion contains antimicrobial substances
        
        Cilia sweep mucus( possibly containing pathogens) upwards to be coughed up or swallowed
      - Mucous Membrane: Physical barrier, traps microbes
        
        Chemical Barrier: Mucus secreted contains antimicrobial substances
      - Skin: Physical barrier (exfoliation)
        
        Chemical Barrier: Skin cells release antimicrobial substances, such as immunoglobin A (IgA), lysozyme, defensins, and sebum
      - Urogenital tract: urine flushes microbes out of urinary tracy
        
        Chemical Barrier: Produces lactic acid which is a weak acid that inhibits growth of microbes
      - Gastrointestinal tract
        
        Defecation and vomiting physically clear GI tract of microbes before they have a change to be absorbed into the bloodstream
        
        Chemical Barrier: Stomach produces hydrochloric acid which kills many bacteria
        
        Saliva washes away potential threats
        
        Chemical Barrier: lysozyme and IgA
    - - Cells
        
        Neutrophils
        
        Highly phagocytic WBC, active in early stages of infection; leave blood to fight infection
        
        NK cells
        
        Lymphocytes that kill infected body cells & certain tumor cells, cause cytolysis or apoptosis
        
        Macrophages
        
        Monocytes that have left the bloodstream and matured
        
        Can engulf structures beyond the capacity of neutrophils
        
        Process and present protein antigens to helper T cells
        
        Clean up cellular debris that remains after inflammation or infection clears up
        
        Dendrite cells
        
        Phagocytic WBC with long extensions that initiate adaptive immunity
      - Physiological processes
        
        Fever
        
        The first response to infection and injury and is critical to body defense
        
        Inflammation
        
        Is a 2nd line local response triggered by damage to tissues
        
        Redness, Pain, Heat, Swelling, Loss of function
        
        . Destroy agent, remove it and byproducts, limit effects by walling it off, repair, replace damaged tissue
      - Chemicals
        
        Complement
        
        Group of blood proteins that circulate in an inactive proenzyme state
        
        Destroys the pathogens or facilitating their clearance via phagocytosis
        
        Interferon
        
        Proteins produced by certain virus-infected cells to protect surrounding cells from viral infection, bacteria and CA
- - - - Merging of lymphatic vessels, drain lymph from each specific body region
        
        Bronchomediastinal trunk: Drain lymph from deep thoracic structures
        
        Intestinal trunk: Drain lymph from most abdominal structures
        
        Subclavian trunk: drain lymph from upper limbs, breasts, superficial thoracic wall
        
        Lumbar trunk: Drain lymph from lower limps, abdominopelvic wall, and pelvic
        
        Jugular Trunk: drain lymph from head to neck
    - - Similar to veins, have thinner walls, with more internal valves.
    - - Permeable: similar to blood capillaries, drain and process extra-cellular fluid
    - - Dump lymph back into blood circulation via subclavian veins
        
        Thoracic Duct: Arises from the cisterna chyli and drains the rest of the body
        
        Cisterna chyli: lymph from the intestinal trunk and two lumbar lymphatic trunks flow
        
        Right lymphatic duct: Drains the right upper arm and the right side of the head and thorax