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13 The Analysis of Categorical Data (Odds Ratios (How to estimate odds and…

- - - - \[\pi_{.j}=\sum_{i=1}^{I}\pi_{ij}\]
      - \[\pi_{i.}=\sum_{j=1}^{J}\pi_{ij}\]
    - - We thus consider the following null hypothesis:
        \(H_{0}:\pi_{ij}=\pi_{i.}\pi_{.j}\) (för alla i,j)
- - - - retrospective study: take a \(D\)-sample and a control \(\overline{D}\)-sample, then find who had been exposed
      - prospective study: take an \(X\)-sample and a control \(\overline{X}\)-sample, then watch who gets affected
      - simple random sampling