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Task 1 (Action (Motor system (Cortical regions (Primary motor cortex…

- - - - part of body that can move
    - - alpha motor neuron
        
        innervate muscle
      - gamma motor neurons
        
        proprioceptive system
      - spinal interneurons
    - - extrapyramidal tracts
        
        motor pathways not part of pyramidal tract
      - Cerebellum
        
        ipsilateral
        
        vestibulocerebellum
        
        balance and eye movement
        
        Spinocerebellum
        
        visual and auditory input
        
        to extrapyramidal system
        
        alcohol
        
        balance
        
        neocerebellum
        
        input by parietal and frontal
        
        back to cortex through thalamus
        
        motor and congition
      - Basal ganglia
        
        Nuclei
        
        striatum
        
        causate
        
        putamen
        
        Gets input from cortex
        
        many DA receptors
        
        globus pallidus
        
        subthalamic nucleus
        
        substantia nigra
        
        selection and initiation of action
        
        Pathways
        
        direct
        
        directly to nuclei
        
        D1
        
        exitatory
        
        Indirect
        
        through GP ext and STN
        
        D2
        
        inhibitory
        
        inhibition of cortex
        
        Help resolve motor competition
        
        winner takes all
        
        2 succesive inhibitory links
        
        General function in state changes
    - - CST
        
        corticospinal/pyramidal tract
        
        originates in primary motor, sometimes pre/supplemental motor or somatoseonsory
      - Primary motor cortex
        
        M1
        
        input from all motor areas
        
        larges output in CST
        
        devision
        
        rostral region
        
        old
        
        caudal region
        
        new
        
        Somatotopic
      - Secondary motor areas
        
        somatotopic
        
        Premotor cortex
        
        lateral?
        
        Ventral part
        
        dorsal part
        
        sensory guided
        
        SMA
        
        medial
        
        interally guided
        
        planning/controlling movement
      - association motor areas
        
        parietal lobe?
        
        Broca and insular cortex
        
        FEF
        
        ACC
    - - basic (neurons) secon (BG M1) high (SMA..)
  - - - movements in absence of descending commands
      - neurons in spinal cord
      - speech
    - - computational level
        
        representation of goal
      - effector level
    - - More than 1 way to perform action
      - affordance copmetition hypothesis
        
        affordances
        
        oppertunities for action
        
        evolution of fast, autonomic actions due to environment
        
        multiple parallel plans per goal
        
        strongest wins
        
        simultaneous selection and specification
        
        figure
      - Motor areas
        Parietofrontal processing
        
        Premotor
        
        abstract representation
        
        eg reaching
        
        trajectory and gestural class of movement
        
        Lateral premotor
        
        parietal cortex
        
        sensory guided action
        
        SMA
        
        related to medial frontal cortex
        
        action selection and planning internal goals
        
        complex actions
        
        using 2 hands
        
        alien hand
        
        hand centered
        
        dorsal premotor
        
        stimulation triggers complex movement
        
        motor execution
        
        Parietal lobe
        
        Posterior parietal cortex
        
        lateral intraparietal area
        
        medial intraparietal area
        
        effector specific
        
        eye centered
        
        posterior parietal cortex
        
        desire to move with stimulation
        
        motor intention
  - - - representation of goal
    - - effector system translation
      - movement plan
    - - specific motor plans
    - - anticipating, .....
  - - - reduced volutary movement
        
        hypokinesia
      - Loss of DA neurons in SNc
      - Reduced inhibition in direct pathway
    - - exsessive movement
      - hyperkinesia
      - Atrophy of BG especially striatum
  - - - correlates more with movement direction than target location
    - - Population vector decides which direction wins
      - each neuron gives a vote
        
        strength depends on correspondance
      - info is represented in a multidimensional format, coding a wide range of variables such as force, velocity and context
        
        gives max flexibility
    - - representation based on combined activity
        
        can predict behavior
      - some cells are for planning and execution
      - dynamic
      - M1 neurons motor and sensory
  - - - non cognitive
    - - independent of muscle group
      - writing with non-dominant hand
        
        high level representation
    - - adapt to new environment
      - within about 100 movements
      - Increased activity in many cortical/subcortical regions
        
        cerebellum
        
        learning new mapping
        
        error based learning
        
        predicted-observed sensory info
        
        M1
        
        consolidating the new mapping
        
        VTA
        
        dopamine to M1
        
        if leasioned no motor learning
    - - system that generates an expectancy of sensory consequences of action
      - Cerebellum
        
        decreases with practice
        
        damage results in movements that go too far
        
        generates predictions that are temporally precise
      - online control of movements
      - updated by errors
- - - - lateral prefrontal cortex and frontal pole
        
        goal oriented behavior
      - posterior cortex
        
        working memory
        
        select task relevant info
      - planning, simulating, initiating, inhibiting shifting
    - - medial frontal cortex
      - guiding and monitoring behavior
      - PFC
        
        monitoring activity
        
        dodulate degree of control
    - - Primary motor cortex
      - Secondary motor areas
        
        lateral premotor cortex
        
        supplementary motor area
      - PFC
        
        LPFC
        
        WM
        
        Frontal polar region (FP)
        
        integrating specific contents into general framework
        
        OFC
        
        also ventromedial zone
        
        MFC
    - - anterior posterior gradient
        
        Simple WM
        
        context
        
        FP
        
        Changing of role
        
        more anterior
        
        posterior pfc/secondary motor
      - Ventral dorsal gradient
        
        maintainence and manipulation
      - Lateral-medial gradient
        
        lateral = information in environment
        
        media = information of self (memory/emotion)
  - - - Goal oriented behavior
        
        based on expecter reward/value and causal relationship between action and outcome
      - Habit
        
        no longer under control of reward
        
        stimulus driven
    - - transient representation of task-relevant information
      - when behavior is not stimulus driven
      - LPFC
        
        sustaining a representation of the task goal
      - Petrides
        
        info in posterior cortex is activated/retreived by vlPFC and manipulated by DLPFC
    - - normative decision theories
        
        what you should do
      - descriptive decision theories
        
        what people actually do
    - - organizing and prioritizing actions
      - hierarchical?
      - Steps
        
        identify goal/develop subgoals
        
        anticipate consequences
        
        determine requirements
      - Shift focus
      - Retreival and selection of relevant information
    - - Influenced by goals and allocation of attentional resources
      - amplification and inhibition of information
        
        separate?
        
        pfc
      - Inhibition of action
  - - - critical part of monitoring system
      - identifies when CC is required
      - error related negativity
      - interacts with LPFC
        
        when response conflict is high