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Cardiovascular System (Cardiac Output terms (Heart Rate (amount of beats…
Cardiovascular System
Cardiac Output terms
Heart Rate
amount of beats for one full minute
adult range is between 60-100 BPM
Cardiac output
volume of blood ejected by the ventricle in 1 minute
HR x SV = CO
End diastolic volume
volume of blood in the ventricle at the end of diastole (relaxation)
Afterload
the force ventricles must develop to effectively pump blood against the resistance in blood vessels
Stroke volume
Volume of blood pumped out in 1 HB
Veinous return
amount of blood returned to the heart via the veins
End systolic volume
volume of blood in the ventricle at the end of systole (contraction)
Preload
Stretching of the wall of heart due to cardiac muscle load
Cardiovascular disorders
Myocardial Infarction
Heart attack
usually due to lack of blood flow and oxygen to heart muscles
Stenosis
narrowing of the blood vessels
Coronary artery disease
A buildup of plaque within the arteries
aka atherosclerosis
Mitral regurgitaion
Backflow of blood through the mitral valve
Tetralogy of Fallot
congenital heart defect
caused by a combination of four defects
an obstruction of blood flow between the heart and lungs
aorta lies over the hole of the ventricles
A hole between the ventricles
thickening of the right ventricle
Cardiac Tamponade
excess fluid within the pericardial space
Angina
feels like heart attack
aka ischemic chest pain
Cardiac Cycle
Step 3:
Ventricular ejection
Atria relax/ ventricles contract
ventricular pressure > atrial pressure
ventricular pressure > arterial trunk pressure
AV valves closed/ semilunar valves open
Step 4:
Isovolumetric relaxation
Atria relax/ ventricles relax
ventricular pressure > atrial pressure
ventricular pressure < arterial trunk pressure
AV and semilunar valves closed
Step 2:
Isovolumetric contraction
Atria relax/ ventricles contract
ventricular pressure > atrial pressure
ventricular pressure < arterial trunk pressure
AV and semilunar valves closed
Step 5:
Atrial relaxation and ventricular filling
Atria relax/ ventricles relax
ventricular pressure < atrial pressure
ventricular pressure < arterial trunk pressure
AV valves open/ semilunar valves closed
Step1:
Atrial contraction and ventricular fill
Atria contracts/ ventricles relax
ventricular pressure < atrial pressure
ventricular pressure < arterial trunk pressure
AV valves open/ semilunar valves close
Structural differences in blood vessels
Capillaries
where gases/nutrients/wastes are exchanged at cellular level
in lungs and throughout the body
Venules
smallest form of veins
gets larger as blood moves towards the heart
Arterioles
smallest form of arteries as it travels though the body
Veins
largest form of veins
carries blood towards the heart
Less muscular than arteries
Arteries
Moves blood away from the heart
Becomes arterioles
Thicker and more muscular than Veins
looks ridged in cross section
Anatomy of the Heart
Chambers
Apex
Ventricles
Left Ventricle
contains trabeculae carneae
has 2 papillary muscles
contains the entrance to the aorta
Noticeably larger than the right ventricle wall
Right Ventricle
contains Tribeculae carneae
large, smooth, irregular ridges
contains muscular projections
called papilary muscles
anchor the chordae tendineae
CT are connected to the right atrioventricular valve
Base
Atrium
Left Atrium
Openings of the pulmonary veins are visible
Has pectinate muscles in its auricle
Right Atrium
posterior surface
Smooth
Anterior Surface
Contains Pectinate (muscles) in the walls and w/in the auricle
Contains Fossa Ovalis
Formerly called Foramen Ovale
Coronoary sinus
drains deoxygenated blood from heart wall
Layers of the wall
Myocardium
Middle Layer
made of cardiac muscle tissue
Thickest of the three walls
Thickness changes as we age
hypertrophies
due to narrowing of systemic arteries
Multinucleated cells
desmosomes
Gap junctions
Intercalcated discs
are controlled by the autonomic nervous system
not like skeletal (which is controlled by the somatic nervous system)
Cardiac muscles are involuntary
Sympathetic
increases HR and force of contractions
Parasympathetic
Decreases heart rate
Endocardium
Inner most layer
simple squamous epithelium
continuous with the endothelium that lines the blood vessels
Areolar connective tissue
Epicardium
Outermost layer
aka visceral layer of serous membrane
simple squamous epithelium and areolar conn. tissue
Thickens as we age
Valves
Semilunar valves
Pulmonary SLV
Located between RV and pulmonary trunk
Aortic SLV
Located between the LV and ascending aorta
Each is composed of 3 half-moon shaped cusps
not associated with papillary muscles or tendinous cords
open when ventricles contract
close when ventricle relax
prevent backflow
Atrioventricular valves
Right AV valve
aka tricuspid
covers the right AV opening
opens to allow blood to enter into RV
closes to prevent backflow
Left AV valve
Bicuspid
covers left AV opening
opens to allow blood to enter into the LV
closes to prevent backflow
Coronary vessels
coronary arteries
Left coronary artery
Circumflex
supplies blood to lateral wall of LV
anterior interventricular artery
supplies blood to both anterior wall of LV and and most of ventricular septum
nicknamed the Widowmaker
Right coronary artery
right interventricular artery
supplies blood to posterior wall of both RV and LV
right marginal artery
supplies blood to lateral wall of RV
Coronary veins
Middle cardiac Vein
within the posterior interventricular sulcus
Great cardiac vein
within the anterior interventricular sulcus
small cardiac vein
positioned alongside the right marginal artery
All drain into the coronary sinus
located within the posterior aspect of the coronary sulcus
ECG
T wave
Ventricular repolarization
ventricles complete repolarization
QRS Complex
Ventricular depolarization
triggers ventricular contraction
P wave
Atrial depolarization
Initiates the atrial contraction
No electrical activity
ventricles relax/ atria relax
AV valves open/ semilunar valves closed
Conduction system of the heart
Sinoatrial Node
establishes normal cardiac rhythm
specialized clump of conducting cells
located in superior and posterior walls of right atrium
Called the hearts pacemaker
Heart's version of neuron
Initiates heart beat
Atrioventricular Node
receives impulse message from SA node
located in inferior portion of right atrium within the AV septum
there is a critical pause before AV node passes on signal to AV Bundle
conduction between nodes less efficient so takes longer
approx 100 ms to pass the signal through the node
May take over role of SA node if needed
Atrioventricular bundle
Bundle of His
precedes through interventricular septum
divides into AV bundle branches
Right AV branch
supplies the right ventricle
shorter than left
supply right papillary muscles
connect with the perkinge fibers
Left AV brancch
supplies the left ventricle
longer than right
connect with the Perkinge fibers