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Amino Acid Neurotransmitters (GABA (Glutamate is its pre-cursor (Glutamic…
Amino Acid Neurotransmitters
Glutamate
Vesicular glutamate transporters (EAAT's or excitatory amino acid transporters)
move glutamate into synaptic vesicles which are expressed differentially:
VGLUT 1, 2, 3
These vesicles are found only in glutamatergic neurons and are therefore good markers
After release into synaptic cleft, is rapidly removed by other glutamate transporters in cell membranes in both neurons and astrocytes
GABA
Glutamate is its pre-cursor
Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)
is the key enzyme in GABA synthesis - good marker for GABAergic neurons
Packed into vesicles by
VGATs
Re-uptake and membrane transport is mediated by
GAT 1, 2, and 3
Metabolized by GABA-T
Glycine
Both glutamate and glycine are synthesized from glucose and other pre-cursor molecules in all cells
3 Types of Ionotropic Receptors
AMPA
Permeable to sodium and potassium
Kainate
NMDA
Permeable to sodium, potassium, calcium
Coincidence detectors - will not open immediately in response to glutamate - a build-up intracellularly must cause this --- meaning this is both
voltage and ligand-gated
Glutamate must be bound and at resting membrane potential the channel is blocked by magnesium
Both pre and post-synaptic elements must be active
Long-Term Potentiation
: the strengthening of a synapse, sometimes activated by cascades which are responses to NMDA