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Islam (Some Basics (Class 1) (facts (monotheistic + exculsionary (one god…

- - - - submission (to god)
      - karahn is written in arabic
    - - one who submits/follows
      - All creation is created by Muslims. Created by god.
    - - no god but god + Mohammed is the messenger of god
      - Most important principle
    - - is god. God = God
      - Human beings because of free will may or may not choose to follow god?
      - God has no gender, physical form, or representation.
        
        any depiction is controversial.
      - many ways to refer to god
        
        Eternal absolute infinite compassionate merciful creator + provider
  - - - Found in western part of Arabian peninsula
        
        had lots of trade routes
        
        .
        
        was basically the crossroads for everything.
        
        Lots of Merchants, Sailors, Mercenaries, and Warriors passed through the area + city
        
        is what made Islam spread so widely and quickly
        
        Byzantine and Persian empire bordered it? were constantly fighting on and off
        
        also had some small and rich kingdoms (like Yemen) around it
    - - Arabs are not all muslims
        
        Zoroastrians
        
        Jewish (Converted)
        
        Polytheistic
        
        Mecca was an important city?/trade-route. The center of polytheistic worship #
        
        in this beginning polytheistic area people were organised into families
        
        Muhammad was born into this area and into a powerful family.
        
        Christians
    - - Muhammad
        
        We have lots of information on him/his story
        
        was a clerk (but couldn't write)
        
        wealthy
        
        he falls in love with his employers daughter
        
        life is going well for him
        
        @ 40yrs old he gets a revelation
        
        .
        
        Prophet - somebody who has something revealed to him by god/a judge
        
        Muhammad is the last. Dubbed The Seal
        
        Muslims recognise 28 different ones
        
        When he get the revelation he miraculously begins to write #
        
        Lives in Mecca and preaches to the ppl
        
        elites don't like this
        
        so they (Muhammad and his family) get kicked out
        
        .
        
        go and begin to live in a new city
        
        need a mediator
        
        Muhammad has a good reputation so the people chose him to solve their conflicts
        
        LOTS of clans fight eachother
        
        Daughter, wife (Muhammad's) and Mary are all important women in Islam
    - - Cont.
        
        Muhammad builds a following using his political power in Medina
        
        Following keeps growing
        
        So he returns to Mecca and defeats the rulers
        
        The city is Cleansed
        
        various old texts are destroyed along with the statues
        
        also literally wash the city. Scrub the idols off of the walls
        
        What about the other religions?
        
        The Jews and Christians were left alone
        
        "people of the book"
        
        Followed basically the same religion and so were tolerated
        
        These people also cannot be converted by force because then the belief is not sincere or true.
        
        But because some differences still existed a tax was put upon Jews and Christians
        
        So Muhammad had a series of revelations, not just one info dump.
        
        He goes to Jerusalem
        
        City of 3 faiths
        
        Jesus was crusified
        
        Where Muhammad got the final revelation
        
        Is the holy land of the Jews
        
        Is brought to heaven by Gabriel (the angel)
        
        The place where he slept at the time now has a mosque built over top of it.
        
        This was the final revelation.
  - - - one god + only possible god all others are false
  - - - if you force people they are not truly Muslim. It is false because they do not believe but you have forced them.
    - - Translations can cause problems/errors
  - - - There is no distinction
    - - make money through righteous action. Don't exploit people
    - - afterlife heaven/hell
    - - people were treated like shit.
      - If you do not accept you still have to pay some higher taxes
- - - - Bangladesh/Bordered India
      - Spain-France
      - not sure if they were taken over or just received some influence from the proximity
- - - - 144 chapters. Longest one has 286 verses, shortest has 3 verses
    - - Originally an oral book (passed on through telling generation to generation)
      - Special schools exist that teach boys 7-14 yrs old to memorize all of it
    - - but no evidence of corruption exists
      - was written much later after its "creation"
  - - - so the older ones are not taken as seriously (kinda what happened to the gospels)
- - - - An arch that point to Mecca
    - - A call to prayer (song) traditionally sung from the Minaret but as cities grow it is now broadcast over radio/loudspeakers.
    - - The place where people can cleanse themselves before prayer
    - - A person who leads the prayer (they have their own section?)
  - - - No images of ppl/animals
        
        is considered a recreation of gods work
        
        Affects all Muslim art
        
        so when drawing a flaw is purposefully introduced
        
        by creating something god has you are basically saying that you are better than or = god
        
        So beginning depictions were pretty controversial, but in all depictions Muhammad's face is hidden/he is turned away from the viewer
      - Plants sometimes appear but same deal as ppl/animals
      - Patters (abstract) + calligraphy
- - - - Salat
        
        Communication + Reverence
        
        Its done as a group, and the event goes through various poses
        
        Before the event you have to cleanse yourself
        
        Meditate
        
        Wash yourself
        
        Additional prayers (on Friday) and during holidays
        
        Acknowledge your belief
        
        Poses are required (unless disabled)
        
        You are exempt from prayer
        
        If you are Traveling
        
        If you are sick
        
        or if you are a child
        
        Men/women pray seperately
        
        Shi'a can combine prayers (but Friday prayer is important)
      - Sawm
        
        Fasting (NO food or water)
        
        Sunrise to sunset (people eat in the evenings/early mornings)
        
        Fasting is done during Ramadan. So when eating is allowed all of the neighbors/people celebrate together
        
        Ramadan is a celebration that moves every year because it uses the lunar calendar.
        
        You are exempt from this if you are traveling or menstruating BUT the days must be redone
        
        This is done to help empathize with the poor, and increase spirituality. It bonds the society because everybody is experiencing the same feeling.
        
        If you cannot fast there is a fee that you must pay
        
        The whole event is about donating + helping and the "month" of Ramadan is a month of spirituality
      - Zakat
        
        Pay fee to poor and needy
        
        The amount you pay depends on income 2.5%
        
        Collected willingly by the government
        
        Get rid of greed
        
        Place less worth into material things
        
        Is done per household
        
        Money is not the only way, you can work, or provide guidance to others
      - Hajj
        
        The pilgrimage to Mecca
        
        Dressed in white + according to the rules
        
        Men and Women are together
        
        Before the event you must be clean
        
        The event is about retracing the prophets footsteps
        
        On the last day of the Hajj Muslims commemorate the sacrifice of Abraham's son
        
        During it there can be no fighting, weapons or sex
        
        People who have gone on the journey can put Hajj in their name
        
        Communities can gather money to send a person to Mecca
        
        Some issues the whole event has become quite commercialized
        
        People have died because of the stampedes
      - Shahada
  - - - Believe that Muhammad's father in law is the rightful successor
      - have greater numbers over all but in middle east are 60/40
      - have ho hierarchy, and leadership is informal
      - Imams (religious leaders) gain influence by working in the community and devoting time to religious study
      - sometimes communities choose an Imam
      - The Qur'an can be interpreted by anybody
      - Sharia (Islamic law) only applies to the Muslim community. Is both the religious and Secular law
      - the leaders (Imams?) control the law
      - However their leaders do not affect other communities.
      - There is a wide range of people bot liberal/conservative (ALL BRANCHES)
    - - Believe that Muhammad's cousin Ali is the rightful succession
      - Smaller sect that appeared later
      - make up 10-13% of total world population
      - Prominent in India, Iraq, and Pakistan
      - Believe that there were 12 Imams who had rightful successors
      - The Imams gave important additional truths about Qur'an
      - Some additional divisions exist between how many of these Imams there truly were
      - Have a slightly different Shahada + add Ali as the rightful custodian
      - pray 5/4 times can combine 2 prayers into one (daily)
      - Were heavily persecuted in the beginning (were smaller in size)
      - Do in fact have a hierarchy
      - before the day of Judgement Ali + the Imams will return and reveal something?
      - Overall are more mystical. And accept that there are things that they don't know.
      - Ismajili
        
        Leaders are born (passed on dad to son)
        
        Found in (mainly) central Asia, Syria and Lebanon
        
        Some follow a different Imam
        
        A 13th Imam exists
        
        The first child of this guy is called Aga Khan
        
        The name just like the leadership is passes on from Father to son
        
        He carries the secret to...?
        
        Will transport them to heaven if they die for their cause (self sacrifice)
        
        1-2% of Shi'a population? It goes either here on on the other branch
      - Sufism
        
        Not a sect but a movement (seen throughout diff regions)
        
        Spiritual + physiological movement within Islam + other religions.
        As a result they have different practices (to bring them closer to god...?)
        
        Are heavily persecuted
        
        The movement originated in Turkey (and is most prominent)
        
        Is a mishmash of Turkish + Hindi cultures
        
        Has been heavily influenced by Buddhist and Hindi (Beliefs/Religion)
        
        Believe that God can be found in meditation, sacrifice, and poetry
        
        have lots of music poetry and dance as religious activities
        
        Dervish Dance - Circle until they are one with the world
        
        Mysticality + 10
        
        Are strict vegetarians
  - - - Muhammad had daughters. (so no direct successor)
        
        Was a General/Political leader but also a religious leader
        
        people recognized the fact that as a religious leader Muhammad could never be replaced but somebody had to lead the country.
- - - - Extremist / Political Islam / secular country
      - However it is most often associated with another identity
  - - - Then persecution began + politicians used the minorities to get them voted in. Demonized them
      - In the beginning was peaceful
      - Husband was a Canadian citizen, and after 9-11 Canada and US shared information so he was captured and Deported
      - The dress was the first target of politicians
        
        Documented cases of abuse
        
        Easy target of phobia (didn't fit in)
        
        Because of dress standard were kicked out of public places
        
        Nikihab: The full coverage, only eyes
        
        Remains a minority, there is no given number
        
        Bill 62 banned it from public spaces
        
        was used on the political platform to gain votes
    - - 1872 some Muslims first came over/existed
      - Larger waves came over later
- - - - The Qur'an permits fighting in self defense
      - Were both the invaders (Muslim Turks) and also invades
      - Defending people who have been expelled from their homes is allowed.
      - So religion has been used as an excuse for fighting but it has limits (Previously never had limits)
      - Some technicalities have been (not) violated ie crop/livelihood destruction
      - The protection is expected until the persecution ends.
      - Never anything about how The religion should be spread through war/violence
    - - .
        
        There will be a final accounting of all of your life's actions
        
        Linear Timeline (Beginning > Middle > End)
        
        Everybody takes moral responsibility for their actions (NOT outside influences)
        
        Heaven/Hell (No purgatory)
        
        The day is a time to face God
        
        Paradise is described in better detail
    - - Before Islam women ad no status or power. Were "subhuman" and received no education (with some rich exceptions)
      - Islam Provided
      - More liberal divorce laws (in comparison to Christianity)
      - Divorces and marriage were easy to get
      - Women could: run a business, get an education, own property and contribute to society
      - Modest and simple dress is meant to apply to everybody equally. Nothing explicitly states to cover head (was most likely a cultural thing). the only thing women were supposed to cover was their chest
      - there are tribes where this is the opposite (some where in the Sahara desert)
      - Based on old art we rarely see the hijab
      - have had more female prime ministers than us
      - But overall its pretty wacky/diverse. Some countries are just getting rights others have always had more.
    - - Strive/Struggle (exert effort) NOT holy war
        
        Good vs Evil
        
        Eliminate Injustice, Improve society, Fight against oppression
        
        HAS been used as a call by political leaders but NOT in the context of the Qur'an
        
        HAS been purposefully misinterpreted (to achieve a certain agenda)
    - - Hijab
        
        Supression vs Liberation
      - Depictions of the Prophet
        
        Any depiction (is prohibited) vs just the face
      - "Fundamentalist" radical movement
        
        are pretty recent
        
        suppression to achieve political goals
      - War on Islam
        
        Religious vs Secular war (the lines have blurred)
      - Suicide Bombers
        
        Suicide IS a deadly sin
        
        Not a religious motivation but money (the ppl say that they will take care of their family)
        
        tension between text and humanity
      - Polygamy
        
        is allowed if the first wife is cool with it and the dude has the money for it
  - - - The idea of the "other"
      - constant division between people the us vs them mindset
      - The "other" is considered "exotic" and more primitive (West world)
      - The classifications given demonstrate this
        
        First / Second / Third world ie Winner / Loser
        
        (Under) Develop (ed / ing) is income based now
      - Names carry ideas
        
        mystifying the object making it seem exotic
        
        When in reality its pretty much the same thing
        
        EX. Allah vs God
      - The interpretation is a result of the conquering patterns
        
        We beat you, ie we are better ect ect
        
        Europe vs Muslims gives us a biased interpretation (but isn't everything?)