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Life Stages (Adulthood, Aging, and Death (Aging and the Adapting Brain…

- - - - muscular strenfth
      - cardiac output
      - reaction time
      - sensory sensitivity
      - attractiveness in women
    - - maximum number of years an individual can live, approx. 125 years
    - - average number of years the person will live, approx. 71 years (78 in US, and women live 5 years longer)
  - - - older people take longer to learn new things
      - older people react more slowly
    - - the majority are senile
      - most require nursing homes or long-stay care institutions
  - - - 5-10% loss from age 20-90
      - decrease in myelin, dendrites, brain cells
      - brain is still highly plastic
    - - decreases with age, ability and speed
    - - increases with age, knowledge of facts
  - - - denial
      - anger
      - bargaining
      - depression
      - acceptance
- - - - the biological foundation for personality development, including these characteristics
        
        activity level
        
        negative emotionality
        
        behavioral inhibition
        
        effortful control
    - - authoritarian
        
        low warmth, high demands
      - authoritative
        
        high warmth, high demands
      - permissive
        
        high warmth, low demands
      - neglectful
        
        low warmth, low demands
- - - - Germinal Period
        
        first 2 weeks from conception to implantation
        
        sperm fertilizes egg to form zygote
        
        implantation: blastocyst attaches to the uterine wall to form embryo (approx. 10-14 days after conception)
      - Embryonic Period
        
        2-8 weeks after conception
        
        life-support systems develop
        
        Amnion: fluid filled sack that protects the baby
        
        Umbilical Cord: connects baby to the placenta
        
        Placenta: tissues that provide nutrients and filter wastes
        
        organs begin to form, first is heart, last is lungs
      - Fetal Period
        
        begins 2 months after conception, last approx. 7 months
        
        growing and finishing stage
        
        from 1 inch to 21 inches/ < 1/2 oz to 7.5 lbs
        
        Viability: able to survive outside of womb, occurs around 6/7 month
    - - any agents that can cause harm to developing fetus
        
        ex. drugs, alcohol, chemicals, diseases
  - - - rooting
      - sucking
      - crying
      - grasping
    - - decreased responsiveness to a repeated stimulus
      - whether a baby "remembers" something
      - whether a baby can distinguish 2 stimuli
      - Indicators: gaze duration, sucking rate, heart rate, etc
      - attract most attention from an infant: drawing of a face
- - - - Women: menarche at age 12.5
      - Men: semenarche at age 10
      - Physical Changes: primary and secondary sex characteristics and height
    - - the limbic system matures before the frontal lobes
        
        an adolescent MAY understand risks, but gives more weight to potential thrills, they have a harder time controlling their emotions
  - - - search for self intensifies as adolescents try to form and 'find' identity
      - the "psychological moratorium"
        
        try out different "selves" or roles
        
        phase necessary to achieve a healthy sense of identity
    - - moratorium
      - achieved
      - foreclosed
      - diffused
    - - peer relationships take center stage and conflict with parents increases
      - adolescents often still see their parents as the primary influence
    - - ages 18-25
        
        created due to: early puberty, later marriage, longer schooling
- - - - Sensorimotor: 0-2 years
        
        initially, child knows world primarily through senses
        
        gradually develops object permanence
      - Pre-operations: 2-7 years
        
        beginning of symbolic thought
        
        beginning of intuitive thought
        
        egocentrism
        
        centration
      - Concrete Operations: 7-12 years
        
        increased use of logic, limited to concrete objects
      - Formal Operations: 12+ years
        
        abstract thought, systematic scientific reasoning