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Tectonic hazards (Iceland (hot water from within the earth's crust…

- - - - poverty may force people to live in areas at risk-cheap housing
    - - when a river floods it deposits fertile silt on the floodplain, which is excellent for farming- benefits for agriculture
    - - in a warmer atmosphere will have more energy leading to more intense storms and hurricanes-climate change may cause some parts of the world to become wetter with an increased risk of flooding
    - - densley populated urban areas are at great risk from natural events such as earthquakes and tropical storms
- - - - Constructive plate margin
        
        where plates move apart and new crust is formed as magma rises towards the surface E.g such as the African plate and the South American plate
      - Destructive plate margin
        
        where plates are moving towards each other, the denser oceanic plate subducs beneath a less dense continental plate E.g the Pacific ocean and the South American plate
      - Conservative margin
        
        where two plates move past eachother, causing friction between the plates that causes earthquakes E.g the San Andreas Fault
    - - Primary Effects (caused by ground shaking) of the 2010 Nepal Earthquake
        
        Around 500 people killed and 12,000 injured-800,000 people affected
        
        220,000 homes, 4500 schools, 53 ports, 56 hospitals and other public buildings destroyed
        
        Port of Talcahuanao and Santiago airport badly damaged
        
        Much of Chile lost power, water supplies, and communications
        
        Cost of the earthquake estimated as US$30 billion
        
        (caused by ground shaking)
      - Secondary Effects of the 2010 Nepal Earthquake
        
        1500 km of roads damaged, mainly by landslides-remote communities cut off for many days
        
        Several coastal towns devestated by tsunami waves
        
        Several Pacific countries struck by tsunami-warnings prevented loss of life
        
        A fire at a chemical plant near Santiago-the area had to be evacuated
      - Responses
        
        immediate
        
        search and rescue teams, water and medical support arrived quickly from countries such as UK, India and China
        
        Helicopters rescued many people caught in avalanches on Mount Everest and delivered supplies to villages cut off by landslides
        
        Half a million tents needed to provide shelter for the homeless
        
        Financial aid pledged from many countries
        
        Field hospitals set up to support overcrowded main hospitals
        
        300,000 people migrated from kathmandu to seek shelter and support with family and friends
        
        Social media widely used in search and rescue operations and satellites mapped dangerous areas
        
        long term
        
        roads repaired and landslides cleared. Lakes, formed by landslides damming river valleys, need to be emptied to avoid flooding
        
        Thousands of homeless people to be re-housed, and damaged homes repaired. Over 7,000 schools to be re-built or repaired
        
        Stricter controls on building codes
        
        Tourism, a major source of income, to be boosted - by July 2015 some heritage sites re-opened and tourists started to return
        
        In June 2015 Nepal hosted an international conference to discuss reconstruction and seek technical and financial support from other countries
        
        Repairs to Everest base camp and trekking routes - by august 2015 new routes had been established and the mountain re-opened for climbers
    - - Earthquakes dont tend to happen very often (not seen as a great threat in most people's lives)
      - better building design can withstand earthquakes so people feel less at risk
      - more effective monitoring of volcanos and tsunami waves enable people to receive warnings and evacuate before events happen
      - Fault lines associated with earthquakes can allow water supplies to reach the surface-important in dry regions
      - People living in poverty have other things to think about on a daily basis-money, food, security and family
      - Plate margins often coincide with very favourable settlement, such as coastal areas where ports have developed
      - Some people may not be aware of the risks of living close to a plate margin
      - Volcanoes can bring benefits such as fertile soils, rocks for building, rich mineral deposits and hot water