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Lymphatic & Immune system (Cytokines (Types (Endocrine, Paracrine,…
Lymphatic & Immune system
Lymph flow
Lymph capillaries
Lymph vessels
Lymphatic trunks
Lymphatic ducts
Primary Structures
Red bone marrow
Formation of all formed elements
RBCs
Platelets
Granulocytes
Neutrophil
Basophil
Eosinophil
Agranulocytes
Lymphocytes
T cells
B cells
Monocytes
Maturation of B cells
Hemopoiesis
Thymus
Maturation of T cells
Shrinks as you get older
Has a cortex & medulla
Cortex: Immature T cell
Medulla: Mature T cells
Secondary Structures
Lymph nodes
Filter lymph
Initiates immune response
Macrophages
Complete capsule
Along pathways of lymph vessels
Locations
Axillary lymph nodes
Cervical lymph nodes
Inguinal lymph nodes
Types of vessels
Afferent
Bringing lymph to lymph vessel
Efferent
Lymph drained from vessel
Originates for hilum
Capsule regions
Cortex
Germinal center
Mantle zone
Cortical sinus
Medulla
Medullary Sinus
Medullary Cord
Trabeculae
Spleen
Filters blood
Platelet and blood resevoir
Eliminates old RBCs and platelets
Complete capsule
Largest lymph organ
Hilum
Concave anteromedial border
Blood vessels & nerves enters/leaves
Blood
Artery delivers blood
Veins drain blood
White pulp
T cells
B cells
Macrophages
Central artery
Red pulp
RBCs
Platelets
Macrophages
B Cells
Splenic cords
Splenic sinusoids
Drain into venules
Drains into splenic veins
Tonsils
First line of defense
Incomplete/ absent capsule
Types
Pharyngeal tonsils
Nasopharynx
Adenoids
Enlarged
Lingual tonsils
Protect against inhaled or swallowed substances
Palatine tonsils
MALT
Immune response to mucous membrane
Incomplete/ absent capsule
Lymphatic nodules grouped together
Locations
Gastrointestional
Small intestine
Peyer's patch
Respiratory
Genital
Urinary
Movement
Contraction of skeletal muscles
Contraction of respiratory pump
Movement of blood
Movement of smooth muscles in lymph vessels
Lymph Capillaries
Lacteal
Anchoring filaments
Lymphatic vessels
Valves
Resemble veins
Connect to lymph nodes
Lymphatic trunks
Jugular trunk
Head
Neck
Subclavian trunk
Upper limbs
Breasts
Superficial thoracic wall
Bronchomedistinal trunks
Deep thoracic structures
Lumbar trunks
Lower limbs
Abdominopelvic wall
Pelvic organs
Lymph Ducts
Right lymphatic duct
Movement
Right subclavian vein
Right internal jugular vein
Location
Right clavicle
Drains
Right upper limb
Right side of head & neck
Right side of thorax
Thoracic duct
Location
Inferior diaphragm
Junction of left subclavian & jugular
Drains
Left side of neck & head
Left upper limb
Left thorax
Abdomen
Lower limbs
Cisterna chyli
Chyle
Lipid-rich lymph
Intestinal & Lumbar drain into CC
Immune system
Innate
Defenses
1st line of defense
Skin
Antimicrobial
Immunogloblin A
Lysozyme
Sebum
Defensins
Normal flora
Harmless
Keratin
Water proof
Mucous
2nd line of defense
Cells
Neutrophils
Most common
Engulf debris and infectious agents
Macrophages
In tissues
Inflammation
Engulf debris and infectious agents
NK cells
Kills unwanted cells
Virus infected cells
Bacteria infected cells
Tumor cells
Formed in bone marrow
In blood
Secondary lymphatic structures
Immune surveillance
Kills with cytotoxic chemicals
Perforin
Granzymes
Basophils
Proinflammatory chemicals
In blood
Chemotatic chemicals
Histamine
Vasodilation
Capillary permeability
Heparin
Anticoagulant
Eicosanoids
Increase inflammation
Eosinophils
Target parasites
Allergy
Phagocytosis of antigen-antibody complexes
Mast cells
Proinflammatory chemicals
In connective tissue of skin
Mucosal Linings
Various internal organs
Chemotatic chemicals
Chemicals
Complements
Plasma proteins
10% of serum
Works with antibodies
Synthesized by liver
Major means
Alternative
Bacterial & fungal cell walls stick to complement
Classical
Complement binds to antibody
Defense mechanisms
Opsonization
C "flags" pathogen
Inflammation
Cell-adhesion molecules
Margination
Diapedesis
Chemotaxis
Exudate
Symptoms
4 more items...
Cytolysis
C sticks antigen to RBC for elimination
2 more items...
Elimination of immune complexes
Interfereon
Stops spread of infection
Binds to neighbor cell
IFN destroys RNA/DNA
Inhibits virus protein synthesis
Stimulates macrophages & NK cells
Physiological
Fever
Pyrogen
Stadium
Defervescence
Benefits
Promote IFN
Increase CAMs
Increase adaptive immunity
Accelerates tissue repair
Increase metabolism
Risks
Death
Brain damage
Denaturation of proteins
Seizures
Inflammation
Born with it
Nonspecific immunity
Adaptive
T cells
Cell mediated
Contain antigens
Combines to antibody
Helper T cell
Activate B cells
CD4 proteins
Cytotoxic T cell
Fighters
Release toxins
CD8 protein
Maturation in thymus
Naive T cell
Leave thymus
Immunocompetent
No exposure to antigen yet
B cells
Plasma cells
Humoral mediated
Contain antigens
Combines to antibody
Matures in red bone marrow
Naive B cell
Migrate to 2nd lymphatic structure
Antigens
Foreign Antigens
nonself antigen
Self antigen
Epitope
Antigenic determinant
Immunogen
Induce immune response
Immunogenicity
Ability to cause immune response
Haptens
Too small to function alone
APC
Dendritic cells
Show antigens to T & B cells
Major histocompatibility complex
Codes of genes that code for MHC
MHC I
All nucleated cells
Made in RER
Embedded in plasma membrane
Cytotoxic T cells destroy cells with these proteins
Viral particles are processed and show
MHC II
APCs= MHC I + MHC II
Made in RER
Embedded in plasma membrane
Engulfs exogenous antigen
Endocytosis
Communicate with T helper cell
Selection
Positive
TCR must bind & recognize MHC
Can bind = survival
Can't bind = apoptosis
Negative
TCR mustn't bind to MHC I & II
Can bind = apoptosis
Can't bind= survival
Self tolerance= ignore self
Activation
Cloning
Forming clones in response to antigen
Antigen challenge
1st exposure
T helper cell
1st stimulation
Contact with APC
2nd stimulation
Secretes Cytokine Interleukin
Cytotoxic t cell
1st stimulation
Contact between TCR & MHC I peptide fragment
2nd stimulation
Contact with cytokine interleukin
B cell
1st stimulation
Intact antigens binds with BCR
2nd stimulation
Contact with cytokine interleukin
Becomes plasma
Migrate to 2nd lymphatic structure
Organs/tissues
MALT
Respiratory
Small intestine
Peyers patch
Spleen
Tonsil
Lymph node
First exposure to antigens
Synthesize and release antibodies from here
Enter blood or lymph
Exposure to antigen
Stimulation
Proliferation
Differentiation
Antibodies
Structure
Arm
Variable region
Light chain
Heavy chain
Antigen binding site
Stem
Constant region
Heavy chain
Antibody monomer
Functions
Neutralization
Antibody covers virus binding site
Agglutination
Antibody cross-link cells
Forms clump
Precipitation
Cross link antigens
Form insoluble antigen-antibody complex
Engulfed and precipitated out
Complement fixation
Antibody can bind to complement
Activation of classical pathway
Opsonization
Antibody tags antigen
Phagocytic cell engulfs both
Activation of NK cells
Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
Antibody binds to NK cell
Activates it to release toxins
Types
IgA
Locations
Skin
Mucous membrane
Tonsils
Secretions
Tears
Breast milk
Saliva
Dimer
Agglutination
Neutralization
Prevents adhering & penetration
IgE
Allergic response
Parasitic infection
Release of histamines
Basophil
Mast cells
Attracts eosinophils
Least common
In blood
IgM
Pentamer
Agglutination
Binding complement
Rejection of transplant/transfusion
In blood
IgD
Monomer of IgM
Antigen-specific B cell
I.D. immature B cells that are mature
IgG
Major class 70-85%
Locations
Lymph
CSF
Serous fluid
Peritoneal fluid
Erthroblastosis fetalis
Cross placenta
Virus nerutralization
Cytokines
Interleukin (IL)
Regulates immune cells
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)
Destroys tumor cells
Colony-stimulating factor (CSF)
Stimulates leukopoiesis
Interferon (IFN)
Pro-inflammatory
Antiviral agent
Types
Endocrine
Paracrine
Autocrine