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Human Microbiome (Human microbiota in health (Gut microbiota (functions in…

- - - - The Vagina
        
        The bacteria that colonized this area includes; Gardnerella and a single species of Lactobacillus
        
        This is due to the bacteria being able to withstand the changes of pH value
- - - - characterized by acute decompensation of cirrhosis where there is gut dysbiosis (prooved/ indicated by the relative abundance of Pasteurellaceae sp. and the end-stage liver disease score) which predict the mortality rate of patients
      - there were correlations between specific bacterial families and inflammatory cytokines
    - - patients with PSC-IBD have distinct gut microbiota and a significance increase in Escherichia sp., Lachnospiraceae sp. & Megasphaera sp. but a near absence of Bacteriodes
      - patients with PBC-altered gut bacterial taxa exhibited potential interactions with gut microbiota when altered metabolism, immunity and liver-function indicators
      - involve environmental factors in individuals with genetic susceptibility but the gut flora is relevant to phatogenesis
    - - alterations in the gut microbiota are the key factor for NAFLD but patients with metabolic syndrome, diabetes and liver disease influences the microbiota as BMI is the major determinant of compositional changes in microbial communities
      - gut dysbiosis due to large amounts of Bacteriodes sp. and Ruminococcus sp. but decreased in Prevotella sp.
  - - - if overgrowth usually related to antibiotic-associated diarrhea, frequent complications following antibiotic administration because antibiotics disturb intestinal mucosa homeostasis, decreasing resistance against toxin producing C. difficile and promotes CD infection
      - fecal bacterial diversity is reduced and microbial composition dramatically shifts (decrease in putative butyrate-producing anaerobic bacteria, increase in endotoxin producing opportunistic pathogens and lactate producing phylotypes) if there is antibiotic administration
      - changes in microbial community increase susceptibility to colonization and different toxigenic C. difficile strain have different effects on fecal microbiota in children
    - - frequencies of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Fusobacterium nucleatum and Treponema denticola is higher and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is lower in patients infected with H. pylori
      - a pathogen that induces peptic diseases, recently found to be related to periodontitis and is believed to promote growth of periodontal pathogens and aggravate chronic periodontitis
    - - compare between a healthy and infected individual, infected has 3 phyla and 8 genera clearly and strongly associated with BV
      - an ecological disorder of the vaginal microbiota; there is a profound shift in the absolute and relative abundances of bacterial species in the vagina
      - associated with numerous adverse health outcomes including pre-term birth and via sexually transmitted infections
- - - - H. pylori-associated chronic inflammation is considered to be the strongest risk factor for gastric cancer.
      - The loss of acid-producing parietal cells leading to the development of gastric atrophy, metaplasia, dysplasia, and, finally, carcinoma formation
    - - Microbial dysbiosis has been implicated in the etiology of colorectal adenomas and colorectal cancer (CRC)
      - CRC is characterized by a high proportion of potential pathogens, such as Pseudomonas, Helicobacter, and Acinetobacter, and by a lower richness of beneficial bacteria, such as butyrate-producing bacteria
      - Fusobacterium nucleatum, a periodontal pathogen, has been suggested to be overabundant during disease progression from adenomas to cancer
      - A significant increase in Bacteroides massiliensis, Bacteroides ovatus, Bacteroides vulgatus, and Escherichia coli (E. coli) has also been observed from advanced adenoma to carcinoma
    - - Chronic inflammation at the end of the esophagus that is caused by gastroesophageal reflux is closely related to esophageal adenocarcinoma (EA)
      - The morbidity from EA may be related to the use of antibiotics worldwide
      - Long-term changes in esophageal microecology after frequent antibiotic exposure may lead to a higher incidence of gastroesophageal reflux disease GERD, thus resulting in an increasing morbidity from EA