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CHAPTER 17 Industrial Revolution (New Patterns of Urban Life (Urban…
CHAPTER 17
Industrial Revolution
Key Topics:
Second Industrial Revolution
Social Changes
Industrial Revolution
New patterns of Urban Life
Key Terms & People:
Key Terms:
Garden City Concept-
The ideal of a planned residential community, as devised by the English town planner Ebenezer Howard (q.v.) and promoted by him in Tomorrow: A Peaceful Path to Social Reform (1898). Howard’s plan for garden cities was a response to the need for improvement in the quality of urban life, which had become marred by overcrowding and congestion due to uncontrolled growth since the Industrial Revolution
Proletariat-
The class of wage earners, especially those who earn their living by manual labor or who are dependent for support on daily or casual employment; the working class
The Communist Manifesto-
A pamphlet written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels to serve as the platform of the Communist League. It became one of the principal programmatic statements of the European socialist and communist parties in the 19th and early 20th centuries.
Suffrage-
A vote given in deciding a controverted question or electing a person for an office or trust
Chartist Movement-
A party of political reformers, chiefly workingmen, in England from 1838 to 1848: so called from the document (People's Charter or National Charter) that contained a statement of their principles and demands
Reform Bill (1832)-
Any of the bills passed by Parliament (1832, 1867, 1884) providing for an increase in the number of voters in elections for the House of Commons, especially the bill of 1832 by which many rotten boroughs were disfranchised
Corn Laws-
Any of the laws regulating domestic and foreign trading of grain, the last of which was repealed in 1846
Peterloo Massacre-
An attack by Manchester yeomanry on 16 August 1819 against a large but peaceable crowd. Sent to arrest the speaker at a rally of supporters of political reform in St Peter's Field, Manchester, the local yeomanry charged the crowd, killing 11 civilians and injuring more than 500
Maxim Gun-
The First fully automatic machine gun (q.v.), developed by engineer and inventor Hiram Maxim in about 1884, while he was residing in England. It was manufactured by Vickers and was sometimes known as the Vickers-Maxim and sometimes just Vickers
Bessemer Process-
A process of producing steel, in which impurities are removed by forcing a blast of air through molten iron
Spinning Jenny-
An early spinning machine having more than one spindle, enabling a person to spin a number of yarns simultaneously
Enclosure Acts-
Any of the acts of Parliament passed from 1709 to 1869, requiring that private lands be fenced off from common lands
Key People:
Max Weber-
German sociologist and pioneer of the analytic method in sociology
Otto von Bismarck-
German statesman under whose leadership Germany was united
Frederich Engels-
Socialist who wrote the Communist Manifesto with Karl Marx in 1848
Karl Marx-
Founder of modern communism; wrote the Communist Manifesto with Engels in 1848; wrote Das Kapital in 1867
Emmeline Pankhurst-
A British political activist and leader of the British suffragette movement who helped women win the right to vote
Thomas Edison-
An American inventor and businessman, who has been described as America's greatest inventor
Michael Faraday-
Michael Faraday FRS was an English scientist who contributed to the study of electromagnetism and electrochemistry. His main discoveries include the principles underlying electromagnetic induction, diamagnetism and electrolysis
Richard Arkwright-
English inventor of the spinning jenny
James Hargreaves-
An English inventor of the spinning jenny, the first practical application of multiple spinning by a machine. At the time he devised the machine, he was a poor, uneducated spinner and weaver living at Stanhill, near Blackburn, Lancashire
Britain, 1700-1860
A Revolution in Agriculture
Enclosure Acts were form pieces of land parceled out for private farming
Enclosure Acts brought good fortune to landowners and buisnessmen
Invented the seed drill & Iron plow
Some were critical for the capitalistic nature and called it a creative destructive
A Revolution in Textile Manufacture
New textile machines like the loom still needed humans to operate
Mine Owners used steam power to drive water pumps which helped create steam-powered cotton textile mills
The increased productivity surpassed India's own abilities
Families hand wove and spun cloth before the invention of the loom
American cotton plantations showed how much change Britain has brought into the world
Most of the spinning were done by spinning wheels originally from India
India's cotton industry overtook Britain's woolen industry
The industrial revolution was finally realized in 1860
Capital Goods: Iron, Steam Engines, Railways, and Steamships
Iron and coal industries were popular in Britain during the 1700s and earlier
The steam engine, and iron industry helped create the railroad industry in Britain
Locomotives surpassed canals in terms of usage
The steam boat was invented and first launched in 1838
The Industrial Revolution: What was Its Significance?
The Industrial Revolution began in the 1700s
Revolution began with search for manufacturing cotton textiles
Human development is dependent of our quality and quantity of tools
Multiplied profits and businesses, and made Britain the home of the Industrial revolution
The Second Stage of Industrialization, 1860-1914
Electricity
Many inventors discovered different ways to use electricity
Thomas Edison held the patent for the first Incandescent Light Bulb
Factory Production
Cartels,and integration (both vertical and horizontal) helped many companies succeed
the revolution showed favoritism for the mass production over the artisan
Steel and Chemical Industries
The Bessemer steel converter helped to create a versatile and strong product
Synthetic dyes, fertilizers, and new explosives were created
Warfare and Industrialization
The end of the Civil War brought peace and victory for Industrialism
The machine gun was inventing by Richard Gatling in 1862 and was improved upon
New Products and New Nations
Advances were steel, chemicals, and electricity .With field improvements in shipping, banking, and insurance.
The Effects of the Second Industrial Revolution
Profits from business, civilian, and military endeavors went on to help fund reinvestment and new businesses
The Revolution also brought a growth in Population
Canada became unifies in 1867
Russia did okay but could not keep up with Industrialization in other areas
Ottoman Empire did not receive much foreign investment
Global investments were huge and Britain was ahead of the pack
Social Changes: the Conditions of Working People
Demographic Causes and Effects of the Industrial Revolution
The world population grew phenomenally partially due to systems like the Colombian Express
Death rates overall fell, and public health and safety measures increased
Winners and Losers in the Industrial Revolution
Entrepreneurs prospered in this era by creating new Industrial empires
Handicraft workers jobs declined leaving some to go to power looms
Working conditions were extremely poor
Edwin Chadwick discovered the condition form worker testmonies
The need for better health in the workplaces lead to the the creation of the Board of Health
Gender Relationships and the Industrial Revolution
Laborers were originally young unmarried women and were promised adequate pay
Men moved into factories and drove out female workers while demanding higher pay
The industrial revolution created conflicts between the home and work
Working in the home became more important in society for females by the mid 1850s
Children began to go to school due to mandatory education
Some women rejoined the workforce as secretaries and clerks
Immigrant women who were not married became pitied and unable to get many jobs
Domestic jobs and prostitution were common jobs for women in the time
The feminist movement starts to emerge
Political Reaction in Britain and Europe, 1800-1914
Labor Organization
Germany, 1870-1914
Germany would commonly create many diverse and confusing strategies to keep workers form rebelling
Labor in the Non-industrialized World
Becoming and indentured servant in poorer countries was better than unemployment
Transportation and connections helped smooth out the flow of labor.
Craftsmen could not compete with the speed of machines
Most indentured Labors were farm laborers and was similar to slavery
The working class organized to improve labor conditions
Karl Marx and Theories of Worker Revolution
Protest broke out in Austria which forced Marx to move to Lonson
Marx believed wealth should be controlled by the Proletariats
Marx studied in Berlin where there was many revolutionary thoughts
After revolutions, Marx would swoop in preaching his beliefs to gain followers
Some political leaders provided leadership to smaller workers (ex Karl Marx)
The Proletariat revolution didn't take place in Russia until 1917
Most of Marx's Ides were cultural rather than economic
The United States, 1870-1914
Worker strikes lead to violence over the poor working conditions and unfairness
Labor organizations were based on craft s and immigrants could not always participate
Labor Unions arose in popularity in the United States after the Civil War
France 1870-1914
Artisan revolts were prevalent before and after the French Revolution
While politics were mostly controlled by eh rich, there was successful labor organization over farmers and small business men
Political, Economic and Social Reform in Britain
Parliament was more accepting but fearful of possible revolutions
The Factory Act of 1833 prevented child labor and created inspectors
The government recognized and tried to come up with ways to change to go along with the times
Parliament abolished slavery in 1833
Parliament moved too slow for the time
Parliment repealed the Corn Laws which helped promote free trade
Liberal and Tories political parties supported causes of industrial workers
Women gained suffrage through both peaceful and violent ways
Women everywhere in the US could vote with the passing of the 19th Amendment
New Patterns of Urban Life
Division of labor brought conflicts internally and with other people
Cities were also busting with diversity in philosophy and sociology ideas
The Negative effects of urbanization led to its downfall
Immigrants could get jobs in the city
The living conditions of the poor brought new social movements and legislations in Britain
Steam engines made it easier for locations to be more flexible
Diversity in cities was accepted, studied and respected
Cities are still the center of growth for industrialization.
Different social and economic lifestyles helped to expand cities
Commercial areas in cities increased
Underground railways helped to improve transportation within cities
Urban Planning: The Middle Ground of Optimists and Pessimists
Town planning was created to deal with industrial cities
The garden city concept was created to help connect cities and suburbs in a somewhat Utopian way
The Industrial Revolution: What Difference Does it Make?
Cities improved with health and safety during industrialization
Immigrants traveled to popular countries in search of jobs
Industrialization bought new productivity and restricted families
Brought around new forms of transportation