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Structure of Woody Plants (Vascular Cambium (Initiation of the Vascular…
Structure of Woody Plants
Secondary Phloem
formed from the vascular cambium
Figure 8-20
Vascular Cambium
Initiation of the Vascular Cambium
Vascular Cambium
meristem that produce the secondary plant body
Figure 8-2
Figure 8-3 a
Figure 8-3 b
Fascicular Cambium
continue to divide indtead of maturing
Interfascicular cambium
come out of cell cycle arrest and resume mitosis
connects on each side with the fascicular cambia
Fusiform Initials
Ray Initials
Fusiform Initials
Figure 8-5
Periclinal Wall
produces two elongate cells
when a fusiform initial undergoes longitudinal cells division with a wall parallel to the circumference of the cambium]
Anticlinal walls
perpendicular to the cambium's surface
increases the number of cambial cells
without these cambial cells would stretched wider circumferentially and finally could not function
Ray Initials
Figure 8-8
cuboidal
Figure 8-9
Arrangement of Cambial Cells
Storied Cambium
horizontal rows
Nonstoried cambium
no horizontal rows
Figure 8-10
Secondary Xylem
Growth Rings
Early Wood
"spring wood"
has high proportion of wide vessels
Late Wood
"summer wood"
thick cuticle, lower proportion og vessels
Annual Ring
one years growth
early wood and late wood
Growth Ring
if summer is unusually cold, a tree may fail to grow and produce a ring
"annual rings"
Diffuse Porous
wood of growth ring has vessels located throughout
Ring Porous
species with vessels restricted manly to early wood
red oak and sassafras
Heartwood and Sapwood
Heartwood
dark wood
Sapwood
moister outer region
Figure 8-16
Figure 8-17
Tylosis
Types of Wood Cells
Secondary Xylem
"wood"
all cells formed to the interior of the vascular cambium
only real difference from primary xylem is arangment
Axial System
derived from the fusiform initials
Radial System
developed from the ray initials
Figure 8-11
Figure 8-12
Softwoods
wooda from conifers such as pines and redwoods have few or no fibers and are soft
Hardwoods
woods of all basal angiosperms and eduicots
lots of fibers
Table 2
Figure 8-13
Figure 8-14
Rays
in woody angiosperms, contains only parenchyma
arranged as uniseriate, biseriate, or multiseriate masses
Figure 8-15
Upright Cells
type of parenchyma cell
Procumbent Cells
type of parenchyma cell
Ray Trachaids
horizontal, rectangular cells that have secondary walls
circular bordered pits and protoplasts that degenerate quickly after secondary is complete
Reaction Wood
response due to dress
Outer Bark
Lenticels and Oxygen Diffusion
Lenticels
because rounded cells cannot fit tightly together, intercellular species penetrate the cork layer, creating a diffusion pathway for oxygen
regions of aerenchymatous cork
Figure 8-26
Initiation of Cork Cambia
Figure 8-28
Cork and the Cork Cambium
production and differentiation of secondary xylem cells cause the vascular cambium and secondary phloem to be pushed outwards
Figure 8-21
Outer Bark
all tissues outside the innermost cork cambium
Inner Bark
all secondary phloem between the vascular cambium and the innermost cork cambium
Cork Cambium
during formation of the interfascular vascular cambium, but in secondary phloem
"phellogen"
Phellem Cell
outer cell turns into this
"cork cell"
Phelloderm
some species produce a cell or two that matures into a layer of parenchyma
Periderm
the cork cambium, the layers of cork cells, and the phelloderm
Figure 8-23
Figure 8-24
Figure 8-25
Secondary Growth in Roots
Figure 8-28
Anomalous Forms of Growth
Unusual Primary Growth
Establishment growth
increase of width and addition of adventitious roots in palms
Figure 8-33
Anomalous Secondary Growth
because alternative cambia produce secondary bodies that differ from the common type
Roots of Sweet Potatoes
Figure 8-29
Included Phloem
located between two band of xylem
Figure 8-30
Unequal Activity of the Vascular Cambium
Figure 8-31
Secondary Growth in Monocots
Secondary Vascular Bundles
containing phloem and xylem
columns of some of the parenchyma cells undergo rapid cell division and produce narrow cells
Concepts
Primary Tissues
constitute the primary plant body
epidermis, cortex, vascular bundles, pith, leaves
Secondary Tissues
constitute the secondary plant body
secondary xylem, bark, secondary phloem and cork
Bark
contain conducting tissues
gives plants a greater capacity to move water and minerals upward
move carbohydrates downsward
Figure 8-2
