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Asian Philosophy (Main Texts (Bhagavad Gita A story within the ancient…

- - - - There is no way to observe something that is not embodied
- - - - Jainism
        
        Religious aspect focuses on moral concern
        
        Denies God as creator, preserver, or destroyer of the universe
        
        Behavior and actions reflect internal thought.
        
        There is nothing but infinity in the past and the future
        
        2 classes of of objects
        
        Non Living Beings (Ajiva)
        
        Space, Medium of motion, Medium of rest, Medium of time
        
        Living Beings (Jiva)
        
        3 kinds of consciousness
        
        Knowing, Feeling, Willing
      - Hinduism
        
        Beliefs
        Polytheistic
        The cause of suffering is ignorance, egoism, attatchment, aversion, and the desire to cling to life.
        Free oneself from suffering and one will reach the liberation of moksha.
        Through Sadhana (the practice of yoga) one will reach Samadhi (moksha)
        
        8 limbs of yoga: Yama (abstention from evil doing), Niyamas (various observances), Asana (posture) Pranayama (control of prana), Pratyahara (withdrawal of the mind from sense objects) Dharana (concentration) Dhyana (meditation), Samadhi (absorption in the Atman)
        
        Each being had and Atman (or self) which is identical to Brahman which is everything. Mind and body are separate from Atman/Brahman.
      - Confucianism
        
        Chinese Philosophy that focused primarily on morality and politics. Explained a strict guide of how to be a good person through self cultivation via poetry, dance, and following proper societal rites and rituals. While this philosophy does not focus on any kind of spirituality, it does mention an idea of heaven and non-embodied spirits.
- - - - philosophy: The goal of physical existence should be perfection of the body. If total transformation is the aim the the body must be an indispensable part of it.
        The main ideas of Aurobindo claim that our body and our mind are connected and we must reach a physical perfection by using the body as a tool to practice discipline and focus.
        Another main point Aurobindo claims is that all is born of Brahman and that Brahman goes through a natural evolution. Since all is in Brahman, all is naturally evolving toward liberation whether effort is applied or not. Through Aurobindo's philosophy, this transformation can happen faster.
    - - Gandhi's eclectic religious studies as well as his degree in law landed him as a leader of India through the struggle to gain independence from colonial domination. His philosophies focus on ethics in personal life, religious life, as well as in politics.
        philosophy: A life lived in its fullest is impossible without an immovable belief in Living Law in obedience.
        God: Gandhi understood God as being equivalent to truth. Truth is explained as being intuitive, though if one is to seek truth as god they must go through 5 vows. These vows include vows of truth, brahmacharya (purity), non-violence, poverty, and non-posession.
        Action: All actions should be non-violent when they can be. Non-violence, being an active lifestyle, is inevitably an action against social justice.
    - - A traveling philosopher and teacher focusing mainly on morality and ethics in relation to politics and social class.
      - Believed in 5 foundational relationships: father to son, ruler to ruled, older brother to younger brother, husband to wife, friend to friend. These relationships are hierarchal but not unfair. Idealistically if everyone acts according to their relationship the society will run perfectly.
        Confucius' goal was to be appointed as a chief advisor of the government but he never got this position and died thinking of himself as a failure. During his life time and after his death, many of his students wound up getting positions in government and china became hugely influenced by Confucius philosophies.
      - Founder of Confucianism
    - - Confucian philosopher
      - Believed that every human is born with the potential to be good but may also become bad. The path to each is determined by each person's external environment and upbringing.
        Mencius believed that since people are born with the potential to be good, this means they are innately good.
    - - Believed that every person is born with an innate perfected moral mind. This perfected mind is obscured by selfishness and an unaligned will so we must do the work of moral self cultivation to let the moral mind "shine through".
    - - Advocate of Chinese Marxism. Focused on politics and societal reform.
        Wrote two popular pieces On Practice and On Contradiction
        On Practice focused on the importance of practice in order to gain true knowledge.
        On Contradiction explained that in order to understand something particular we must study the thing as well as everything that contradicts and interacts with it externally and internally.
    - - Explains a grounded ideal for how man should be. Lin yutang believed that we should focus on our present experience on Earth rather than what things might be like after death. Believed that man should behave with the open minded wonder of a scamp.