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Chapter 18: Classification and Systematics (Levels of Taxonomic…
Chapter 18: Classification and Systematics
Levels of Taxonomic Categories
species
most fundamental level
common ancestor
may interbreed
genus
monophyletic
related by common ancestor
polyphyletic
evolved from different ancestors
closely related species
no objective criteria
binominal nomenclature
family
comprised of many genera
species epithet
well defined
inherited of acquired characteristics
J.B.P. de Lamarck's theory
shown incorrect by Mendel
natural selection
Darwin and Wallace
Cladistics
cladogram
node
where the cladogram branches
consitutes a "clade"
diversion of one taxon into two
common ancestor
derived condition
ancestrial condition
diagram that shows evolutionary patterns
method of analyzing relationships
cladistic studies
decended from common ancestor
synapomorphies
undergone convergent evolution
Other Types of Classification Systems
Artificial classification system
key characters are basis of classification
roadside floras
picture guides
Fossil Classification
combines natural and artificial
form genera
Taxonomic Studies
Botanical exploration
food plants
ornamental plants
beautiful woods
discovery of new facts
International Code of Botanical Nomenclature
provides steps to name new species
type specimen
made up of taxonomists worldwide
isotypes
created to prevent disaster
sent to herbaria around the world
Major Lines of Evolution
Domains
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
prokaryote to eukaryote
nuclear membrane
mitochondria
aerobic respiration
grade classification
Kingdom Plantae
clade of true plants
Concepts
Phylogeny
Evolutionary history
attempt to create models
systematics
understanding of evolutionary lines
nomenclature
classifies related organisms
assign names on phylogenic relationships
