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Cell Cycle and Differentiation (Stem cells (cells that can differentiate…
Cell Cycle and Differentiation
Stem cells
cells that can differentiate into many different types of cells
somatic (adult) stem cells
embryonic stem (ES) cells
induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells
ES cells created through therapeutic cloning
A differentiated cell is a specialized cell that carries out a specific function.
For detailed info about the differences between these cells
(which I can't really fit onto this concept map), go to this
link:
https://drive.google.com/file/u/0/d/1YDZciY6J_IEp2-nkiqSIJO0U3JC8GPe9/view?usp=drive_web
Cell cycle
Stages: G1, G0, S, G2, M
Gap 1: the cell grows and essentially is just being a “normal” cell.
G0: the resting phase where the cell does not grow or divide
Synthesis: DNA replication occurs
Gap 2: the cell makes proteins (that form centrioles, spindle fibers, etc.) needed for cell division
Checkpoints
Gap 1 Checkpoint: enough resources and the correct environment for cell to move to S phase, DNA is checked for damage (p53). If something is wrong or the cell doesn’t need to divide, it will either enter G0 or undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death).
Gap 2 Checkpoint: DNA is checked for damage from S phase, cell is checked to make sure it has everything it needs for mitosis (or meiosis).
Mitosis/Meiosis Checkpoint: cell is checked to make sure spindle fibers are correctly attached to chromosomes, ensuring that the daughter cells will end up with the correct number of chromosomes
Proto-oncogenes
create proteins that tell cells to divide
One mutation ---> become oncogenes
Oncogenes continuously tell cells to divide, causing a tumor to form
Tumor suppressor genes
Tell cells when to stop dividing
two mutations ---> genes stop working (can still work with only one mutation)
This allows a tumor to form due to the unsupervised cell division
p53 is an example
creates a protein that tells if the DNA is damaged
Mainly involved in G1 checkpoint
Mitosis
Asexual reproduction
Used for normal cell division
Prophase: Spindle fibers appear, nuclear membrane disintegrates
Metaphase: Chromosomes line up at equator, spindle fibers attatch to centromeres of chromosomes
Anaphase: Spindle fibers pull sister chromatids apart
Telophase: Nuclear membranes form around haploid sets of chromosomes, microtubules disappear
Cytokinesis: Parent cell completely splits into two daughter cells
Meiosis
Sexual reproduction
Used to create gametes
Meiosis I
Metaphase I: Homologous chromosomes line up at equator, spindle fibers attatch to centromeres of chromosomes)
Anaphase I: Spindle fibers pull homologous chromosomes to opposite ends of cell (NOTE: sister chromatids DO NOT split)
Prophase I: Crossing over, spindle fibers appear, nuclear membrane disintegrates
Telophase I: Nuclear membranes form around haploid chromosomes, microtubules disappear
Cytokinesis I: Parent cell completely splits into two daughter cells
Meiosis II
Prophase II: Crossing over, spindle fibers appear, nuclear membrane disintegrates
Metaphase II: Chromosomes line up at equator, spindle fibers attatch to centromeres of chromosomes)
Anaphase II: Spindle fibers pull sister chromatids apart
Telophase II: Nuclear membranes form around haploid chromosomes, microtubules disappear
Cytokinesis II: 2 parent cells from Meiosis I completely split into 4 total daughter cells