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Unit 4 (Chapter 29 (The Ultimate Instrument: Haydn and the Symphony…

- - - - large work for orchestra, generally in three or four movements
      - designed to demonstrate the expressive capabilities of a full orchestra
      - one of the principal instrumental traditions during the Classical era
      - "rocket theme"
        
        quick rhythmic theme rising from low to high register with speed
    - - 30-40 players
      - strings, assisted by woodwinds, brass, and percussion
      - all the instruments participated actively and each timbre could be heard
    - - wrote over 100 symphonies
      - London Symphones
        
        his last 12 masterpieces in the genre
      - established the four-movement structure
      - “father of the symphony"
    - - introductory movement, as in an opera or oratorio, often presenting melodies from arias to come
  - - - Melody
        
        simple, graceful theme
        
        regular phrases
      - Rhythm / Meter
        
        marchlike
        
        regular duple meter
      - Harmony
        
        C major to C minor to C major
      - Texture
        
        homophonic
      - Form
        
        three-part form
        
        varied return (A-B-A')
        
        A is binary form
      - Expression
        
        sudden dynamic contrasts
      - Performing Forces
        
        large orchestra
        
        woodwinds, trumpets, French horns, and many percussion instruments
- - - - dedicated entire compositional output to the piano
      - originated the modern piano style
      - études
        
        highly virtuosic study pieces
      - meditative nocturnes
      - preludes
      - dances
        
        Polish mazurkas
        
        Polish folk dance in triple meter.
        
        polonaises
        
        Viennese waltz
        
        scherzo
      - rubato
        
        "robbed time"
        
        the performer hesitates here or hurries forward there, imparting flexibility to the written note values
    - - a short, lyric piano work often with a descriptive title
  - - - Melody
        
        chromatic lines
        
        wide-ranging
        
        disjunct
      - Rhythm / Meter
        
        moderate triple meter
        
        dancelike dotted and double-dotted rhythms
        
        frequent accents on third beat, later on second beat
      - Harmony
        
        shifts between major and minor
        
        modal harmonies
        
        much chromaticism
      - Texture
        
        largely homophonic
        
        regular left-hand accompaniment in quarter notes
      - Form
        
        A-B-A'-B-A'-C-C-D-A
        
        long coda
      - Expression
        
        much rubato
        
        many accents
- - - - music that has no literary, dramatic, or pictorial program
      - also called pure music
      - includes symphonies, concertos, and chamber music
    - - lyrical themes
      - colorful harmonies
      - expanded proportions
      - larger orchestras featuring new instruments
    - - Four Serious Songs
      - studied with Robert Schumann at Düsseldorf
  - - - symphony
      - Melody
        
        lyrical
        
        melancholic melody with waltz-like feeling
        
        arched, regular phrases
        
        Rhythm / Meter
        
        moderate triple meter
        
        rhythmic complexity with three-against-two patterns and syncopation
        
        Harmony
        
        alternates minor-major-minor keys
        
        chromatic in middle section
        
        Form
        
        three-part structure
        
        A-B-A'
        
        Expression
        
        arched dynamics and subtle rubato
        
        Timbre
        
        woodwinds featured in middle section
        
        french horns bring a return to A