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Chapter 25: Populations and Ecosystems (Concepts (Ecosystem (communities,…
Chapter 25: Populations and Ecosystems
Concepts
Ecology
study of organisms in relation to surrounding
Population
individuals of the same species
Community
all populations together
Ecosystem
communities
physical, non-living environment
Plants in Relation to Their Habitats
Abiotic
Climate
tolerance range
extreme
moderate
difference in high and low
Components
temperature
Rainfall
humidity
winds
Soil Factors
pioneers
lichens
some angiosperms
A horizon
uppermost zone
litter
debris
B horizon
zone of deposition
humus
clay
nutrients
C horizon
parent rock
rock fragments
Latitude
Equator
days 12 hours long
no seasonal variation
plants can't measure season by photoperiod
Artic and Antartic Circles
24 hours of day
24 hours of darkness
Intermediate and higher
perfect day length
some sensitive to photoperiod
Disturbance
fire
landslides
avalanches
floods
Biotic
The plant itself
beneficial
detrimental
neutral
Other plant species
mutualism
competition
competitive exclusion
niche
Ecotypes
transplant experiments
common garden
Other organisms
examples
animals
fungi
prokaryotes
mutalism
frugivores
ants/acaias
both benefit
Commensal relationships
birds nesting in trees
cocklebur/animals
one beneifts/other unharmed
predadation
one benefit/one harm
herbivory
browsing/grazing
Structure of Populations
Geographic Distribution
limiting factor
water
extreme temperatures
biotic factors
soil
random distribution
clumped distribution
uniform distribution
Age Distribution
Generation Time
Intrinsic rate of natural increase
carrying capacity
K
-Selection
advantageous traits
perennial
late maturity
fewer, larger seeds
many defenses
crowded habitat
r
-Selection
caused by a disturbance
fire
flood
temperatures
advantageous traits
annual
early maturity
many small seeds
few mechanical or chemical defenses
Structure of Ecosystems
Physiognomic Structure
physical size and shape
trees
shrubs
herbs
life forms
Temporal Structure
changes associated with time
day
noctural
diurnal
flower opening
season
spring
late summer/autumn
dry/wet
decade
gradual/dramatic change
succession
Species Composition
number and diversity that coexsist
Trophic Levels
energy/carbon flow
primary producers
primary consumers
secondary consumers
decomposers
