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Introduction of Psychology (Behaviorism (Tolman Rat-Maze Experiment…
Introduction
of
Psychology
Cognition
perception
attention
memory
First cog psychologist
:
Donders
(1868)
measured how long it takes a person to make a decision
Reaction-time (RT) experimen
t
Measures interval between
stimulus presentation
and p
erson’s response to stimulus
The
mental processe
s, such as perception, attention, and memory, that are what the mind does
Behaviorism
John Watson
Trying to deal with mental processes is “unscientific”
Psychology should be redefined from a study of the mind to a study of behavior
environment---action/behavior
Positives
-Research used rigorous methodology based on objective data
-Useful theories of learning
Tolman Rat-Maze Experiment
Rat maze
: we can observe a rat’s learning by seeing how quickly it can navigate a maze
Behaviorists
: learning occurs when successful navigation is rewarded
Learning had occurred, even without reward!
With food incentive, Group 2 showed their learning
Behaviorism cannot explain this, but cognition can!
Skinner
children learn language through operant conditioning
Children imitate speech they hear
Correct speech is rewarded
Chomsky
language must be determined by inborn biological programming
Children say things that:
They have never heard and can not be imitating
That are incorrect and have not been rewarded for
Cognitive Revolution
In the 1950’s there was a shift from behaviorism to new attempts to explain behavior in terms of the
mind
Information-processing approach
-A way to study the mind created from insights associated with
computers
-Cognitive processes can be described as occurring in
a number of stages
, much like
computer processes.
Artificial Intelligence and Information Theory
-“Making a machine behave in ways that would be called
intelligent
if a human were so behaving.” (McCarty et al., 1955)
-Newell and Simon created the
logic theorist program
that could apply rudimentary logic to creating mathematical theorems
Cognitive neuroscience
studies the relationship between brain structures, neural activity, and cognition
Discover how the
brain contributes
to cognition
Use
neurological findings to test
cognitive theories
Find
treatments for neurological diseases
Research Methods
Models
Structural Models
Representations of a physical structure
Mimic the form or appearance of a given object
Process
Models
Represent the processes that are involved in cognitive mechanisms, with boxes usually representing specific processes and arrows indicating connections between processes
Structuralism
William Wundt
basic elements of thought
-
Sensations
:basic elements of perception
-
Feelings
:basic elements of emotion
Analytic Introspection
“Observation of one’s own thought processes”
Required training
High confirmation bias
Unreliable and not objective.
