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Nosocomial infection (route of treansmission (Contact transmission (most…
Nosocomial infection
route of treansmission
Contact transmission
- most important and frequent mode of transmission:
-Direct-contact transmission.
-Indirect-contact transmission: such as contaminated instruments, needles, or dressings, or contaminated gloves. saline flush syringes, vials, and bags
Droplet transmission: during coughing, sneezing, and talking, and during the performance of certain procedures such as bronchoscopy.
Airborne transmission: through Air.
Microorganisms transmitted by airborne transmission include Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the rubeola and varicella viruses
- Common vehicle transmission: by contaminated items such as food, water, medications, devices, and equipment.
- Vector borne transmission occurs when vectors such as mosquitoes, flies, rats, and other vermin transmit microorganisms.
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aetiology
Viruses
- RSV, influenza, parainfluenza, coxackie, varicella-zoster, rotawirusy, measles, rubella, mumps
- HBV, HCV, HIV, CMV
Bacteria
- Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus faecalis, E. coli, Proteus sp., Klebsiella sp., Enterobacter sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacteroides sp., Acinetobacter, Stenotrophomonas.
- MRSA - 35% strains of Staphylococcus aureus
Fungi
Candida albicans, Candida spp, Aspergillus sp.
manifestation
- Urinary tract infection
- infection of the skin and mucous membrane
- infections of surgery site
- pneumopathy
Injection Safety
practices intended to prevent transmission of infectious diseases between one patient and another, or between a patient and healthcare provider, and also to prevent harms such as needlestick injuries
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Prevention
Aseptic Technique
- Handling, preparation, and storage of medications and all supplies used for injections and infusions in a manner that prevents microbial contamination
- infections which are a result of treatment in a hospital or a healthcare service unit, but secondary to the patient's original condition
- considered nosocomial if they first appear 48 hours or more after hospital admission or within 30 days after discharge
- Also known as a hospital-acquired infection
The most common nosocomial infections are of the urinary tract, and various pneumonias
- Natural reservoir or nidus:
long-term host of the pathogen of an infectious disease
often the case that hosts do not get the disease carried by the pathogen or it is asymptomatic and non-lethal
- Source of infection – The place or person spreading the infective factors to a sensitive subject.