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Unit 4: Music and Emotions (Franz Joseph Haydn (1732-1809) (Haydn's…
Unit 4: Music and Emotions
The Early Symphony
Early History of the Symphony
Symphonies began as Italian opera overtures
Three sections: fast - slow - fast
eventually separate movements
dance movement (minuet) added
Scarlatti Italian Overture
The Classical Orchsestra
four instrument families
strings, woodwinds, brass, percussion
30-40 players
Grand Effects
Rocket Theme: aggressive, rhythmic; quick rise from low to high
Steamroller Effect - long crescendos
Minuet: dance movement
Franz Joseph Haydn (1732-1809)
born in a small Austrian village
choirboy at St. Stephens in Vienna
Esterhazy's patronage began 1761 (lasted nearly 30 years)
England after prince's death
Style embodies mature Classical Style
Haydn's Symphonies
Father of the Symphony
wrote over 100 symphonies
London Symphonies
Last 12 (93-104)
Masterpieces in the classical symphony style
Sudden crescendos
accents
syncopation
Haydn's "Military" Symphony (listening guide 19)
symphony No. 100 "Military"
one of the twelve "London" symphonies
highly imaginative, innovative
nickname "Military" from use of Turkish percussion and trumpet fanfare
Dramatic effects
contrasts
daring modulation
trumpet fanfare
Turkish military music
triangle
cymbals
bass drum
bell tree
Movement 2
Allegretto
C major
Duple meter
Variation form, combined with ternary (A-B-A')
sudden change to the minor section, military introduction to closing coda
homophonic
Music and Passion
From Classicism to Romanticism
Romanticism a self-conscious break from Enlightenment ideals
early decades of 1800s
Beethovn
Artist struggling against society and convention
Bohemians
Eternal longing, indefinable discontent
Art to unsettle rather than soothe
Worlds of strangeness and wonder
Display of originality and self-expression
Historical Influences- REVOLUTIONS
French Revolution
transfer of power to the middle class
Industrial Revolution
urbanization
Free enterprise, individualism
Democracy
Romantic Characteristics
Melodic lyricism, "singing" melodies
Harmony more chromatic, dissonant, and expressive
Forms expanded, pieces longer
New forms: symphonic poem, choral
Nationalism
Exoticism
Themes
Dreams and Passions
Life and Death
Destiny
God and nature
Good versus evil
Romantic Symphonies
The Nineteenth-Century Symphony Emotion is absolute or programmatic?
Opportunity for individual interpretation
Programmatic
Many thought program music was a step backward from the potential of music to express things beyond words
Absolute
Proponents of absolute music relied on structures of sound for expression
Some composers continued writing in multi-movement genres of the Classical era
Form was the most important organizing element
with this genre no programmatic thought process
Moving the public
public concert hall, not palace
Larger orchestras
dynamic range increases
symphonic structure increasingly longer and expansive
Rise of the Conductor aka "Maestro"
Rise of Virtuoso performer
Johannes Brahms (1833-1897)
born in Hamburg, Germany
Lifelong affection for folk music; Hungarian Dances
Hailed by Schumann as future leader of absolute music
Remained very close to Schumann and his family, especially when Schumann was in the mental hospital
Began writing symphonies at age 40
wrote four Symphonies, two piano concertos, a violin concerto, chamber music, songs, and choral music
Brahms's Symphony No. 3 in F major (listening guide 34)
Aimed to show new and important things
still in the tradition of the Classical masters
Written in 1883 at the age of 50
Romantic in tine, classical in form
Three-note motive throughout ENTIRE symphony
F Ab F "Frei aber froh" (free but happy) ???
Cyclical
3rd Movement: Poco Allegretto
A-B-A' form
Key
C minor
alternates between major and minor
Chromatic- middle section
Syncopation
3 against 2 rhythm patterns
Lyrical
Melancholy
Waltz-like
Romantic Piano Music
The Nineteenth- Century Piano
The piano is central to the Western musical tradition
suited to amateurs and professions
home and concert halls
staple of refined education
Rise of the virtuoso pianist
function was to dazzle audience
suitable for polyphonic and homophonic textures; variety of dynamic and resonant effects
Technical improvements
factory-made, standardization, affordable
Metal fram, increaed string tension
improved mechanical action,extended range
Lyric Piano Piece
Beyond the sonata and concerto
etudes (highly virtuosic study pieces)
character pieces:
nocturnes, preludes, and dances
Character Piece
solo piano equivalent to the song
projects melodious and dramatic moods within a compact form
sometimes fanciful titles (example: Little Bell, Forest Murmurs)
Composers
Schubert
Chopin
Mendelssohn
Schumann
Brahms
Frederic Chopin (1810-1849)
born outside Warsaw
French father, polish mother
1831 to Paris for remainder of career
social circle of famous French composers, writer, and artists
Entire creative life revolved around the piano
originated modern piano style
"everything must be made to sing"
relationship with author George Sand
A Mazurka by Chopin (listening guide 29)
Polish roots exhibited in his mazurkas and polonaises
a mazurka was a lively triple-meter dance with an accent on the second or third beat of the measure
Mazurka in B-flat Minor, Op. 24, No. 4
1833
Chromatic, wide-ranges
dance-like triple meter
expressive depth, rubato
form: A-B-A'-B-A'-C-C-D-A long coda
Chopin Polonaise Op. 53
Heroic or Drum Polonaise
Dance of Polish origin
carnival parties
1st dance at "prom"- party before exams
form: ternary and rondo
wide range of keyboard
trilles
dedicated to friend/banker: Auguste Leo