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Modern History: 19th Century Architecture (Gothic Revival (In the U.S…

- - - - clear association with Amiens Cathedral
- - - - commemorated the French Revolution
      - World's tallest building at the time
      - finished early and under-budget
      - nicknamed "magician of iron"
      - wind-resistance
      - one of the first to have passenger elevators
      - French Scientists are inscribed on the sides of first platform
      - "Triumph of Technology"
        
        Materials
        
        Iron
        
        So?
        
        Well, it's Wrought Iron
        
        SO?
        
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        endcap of Wrought Iron in architecture; replaced by steel by 1890
        
        engineering methods
        
        Caisson structure (Roebling's invention(?)) used to construct two legs closer to the Seine river
        
        pre-assembled parts (designed by Eiffel and made in factories) were delivered on site and joined together with rivets
        
        monuments as National symbols
        
        artists didn't like it - petition against it "Artists against the Eiffel Tower"
        
        pretty radical, comparing the tower to a "black smokestack"
        
        they basically had no effect (and no argument aside from extreme skepticism)
        
        Eiffel countered - tower's size was an advantage to the aesthetic, comparable to the Pyramids of Giza
        
        tied into contemporary politics (Guillaime Apollinaire's a calligram) as a political statement about the war in Germany
        
        part of the fair celebrating anniversary of French Revolution, Eposition Universelle 1889
        
        Why wasn't it torn down after the exposition?
        
        because of it's use as a big ass radio station, and this became important for transmissions involved in WWI
        
        COUNTER
        
        Iron was not new. Like, at all. It was being used even before the Industrial Revolution. The earliest known evidence of iron was some beads around 3200 BC.
        
        As far as it's use in architecture, there's not tremendous novelty there either. There are examples dating back to the late 1700's using cast-iron to make bridges. (Abraham Darby's grandson, Iron Bridge, 1779)
        
        Dare you to name three more.
        
        So, there's *The Crystal Palace* in 1851
        
        aaand most examples actually are around mid-to-late 1800's. So, got me there.
        
        But wait, is this engineering or architecture?
        
        For cast iron, it goes back to ancient China.
        
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        There's even a fucking period in history called "The Iron Age"
        
        You could argue that the specific alloy and refinement process used to make the Eiffel tower, but this isn't a strong case either. The process (Pullinging? Puddled iron! Like puddle) was actually kinda on the decline as steel production became more refined.
        
        What IS so triumphant about the tower's technology?
        
        Triumph is not = new.
        
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        When was puddled iron first used?Well, it was invented in 1784 by Henry Cort.
- - - - work reevaluated issues of space and decoration
        
        New technology = used to ease challanges of urban life
- - - - first to also use explosives underwater (caisson)
        
        Caisson - basically makes a hug ditch that can keep water out and allow construction possible in areas of water