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Modern History: 19th Century Architecture (Gothic Revival (In the U.S…
Modern History: 19th Century Architecture
Terms:
Revivalist Architecture
Gothic Revival
Neomedievalism
Arts and Crafts Movement
wainscoting
gesso
cast iron
girder
terracotta
base
cornice
Gothic Revival
In the U.S
James Renwick,
St. Patrick's Cathedral
, New York City, 1858
clear association with
Amiens Cathedral
James Renwick,
Smithsonian "Castle"
, Washington D.C., 1855
In England
Charles Berry and W.N. Pugin,
House of Parlament
, London, 1835
In France
Charles Gamier,
The Opera
, Paris, 1861-74
Arts and Crafts
Focused on hand-made objects and natural motifs
Charles Rennie Mackintosh,
Ladies' Luncheon Room
Scotland, 1900-1912
William Morris,
Green Dining Room
, 1867
Exoticism in West
John Nash,
Royal Pavilion
, England, 1815-1818
Alexandre-Gustave Eiffel,
Eiffel Tower
, Paris, 1889
"pushing architecture in new directions"
commemorated the French Revolution
World's tallest building at the time
finished early and under-budget
nicknamed "magician of iron"
wind-resistance
one of the first to have passenger elevators
French Scientists are inscribed on the sides of first platform
"Triumph of Technology"
Materials
Iron
So?
Well, it's Wrought Iron
SO?
1 more item...
endcap of Wrought Iron in architecture; replaced by steel by 1890
engineering methods
Caisson structure (Roebling's invention(?)) used to construct two legs closer to the Seine river
pre-assembled parts (designed by Eiffel and made in factories) were delivered on site and joined together with rivets
monuments as National symbols
artists didn't like it - petition against it "Artists against the Eiffel Tower"
pretty radical, comparing the tower to a "black smokestack"
they basically had no effect (and no argument aside from extreme skepticism)
Eiffel countered - tower's size was an advantage to the aesthetic, comparable to the Pyramids of Giza
tied into contemporary politics (Guillaime Apollinaire's a calligram) as a political statement about the war in Germany
part of the fair celebrating anniversary of French Revolution,
Eposition Universelle 1889
Why wasn't it torn down after the exposition?
because of it's use as a big ass radio station, and this became important for transmissions involved in WWI
COUNTER
Iron was not new. Like, at all. It was being used even before the Industrial Revolution.
The earliest known evidence of iron was some beads around 3200 BC.
As far as it's use in architecture, there's not tremendous novelty there either.
There are examples dating back to the late 1700's using cast-iron to make bridges.
(Abraham Darby's grandson,
Iron Bridge
,
1779)
Dare you to name three more.
So, there's
*The Crystal Palace
* in 1851
aaand
most examples actually are around mid-to-late 1800's.
So, got me there.
But wait, is this engineering or architecture?
For cast iron, it goes back to ancient China.
2 more items...
There's even a fucking period in history called
"The Iron Age"
You could argue that the specific alloy and refinement process used to make the Eiffel tower, but this isn't a strong case either. The process (Pullinging? Puddled iron! Like puddle) was actually kinda on the
decline
as
steel production became more refined
.
What IS so triumphant about the tower's technology?
Triumph is not = new.
1 more item...
When was puddled iron first used?Well,
it was invented in 1784 by Henry Cort.
Architecture of Louse Sullivan
Guaranty
, Buffalo New York
also "pushing architecture in new directions"
work reevaluated issues of space and decoration
New technology = used to ease challanges of urban life
Richard Morris Hunt
The Breakers
, Newport Rhode Island
"bringing back historical styles"
John Augusts Roebling
Brooklyn Bridge
, 1883
first Suspension Bridge to use steel for its cable wire
first to also use explosives underwater (caisson)
Caisson - basically makes a hug ditch that can keep water out and allow construction possible in areas of water
Lot of fucking problems (John actually died, so his son had to take over, who was then bedridden with a disease called "the bends"
14 years to build
"Triumph of Technology"
Revivalists
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