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Digestion (Other random facts (Bile doesn't contain enzymes.,…
Digestion
Other random facts
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Carbohydrases act on glycosidic bonds, proteases act on peptide bonds and lipases act on ester bonds.
Bile is an alkaline meaning it neutralises stomach acid, denaturing proteases, but providing the optimum pH for intestinal/pancreatic enzymes.
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Chemical digestion is done with chemicals (enzymes), whereas physical digestion is done physically (churning).
More random facts
The ileum has walls made from epithelial cells, that are arranged in villi to increase surface area for absorption.
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The ileum has one cell thick walls, providing a smaller diffusion distance.
Enzymes
Carbohydrases
Amylase - They break down starch into maltose. They are produced in salivary glands and the pancreas and are active in the ileum and the mouth.
Maltase - They break down maltose into two glucose molecules. They are produced in the ileum and are active in the ileum (they are bound to the ileum walls, meaning that they can be used again).
Sucrase - They break down sucrose into a glucose and a fructose molecule. They are produced in the ileum and are active in the ileum (they are bound to the ileum walls, meaning that they can be used again).
Lactose - They break down lactose into a glucose molecule and a galactose molecule. They are produced in the ileum and are active in the ileum (they are bound to the ileum walls, meaning that they can be used again).
Lipase - They break down lipids and produce monoglycerides, glycerol and fatty acids. They are produced in the pancreas and are active in the Ileum.
Proteases
Dipeptidase - They break down dipeptides into amino acids. They are produced in the stomach, pancreas and the ileum. They are found in the stomach and bound to the ileum wall (so that they can be used again).
Endopeptidase - They break down central peptide bonds to produce smaller polypeptides. They are produced in the stomach and are active in the stomach.
Exopeptidase - They break down terminal peptide bonds to produce dipeptides and amino acids. They are produced in the stomach and are active in the stomach.
Absorption
Lipids
Bile salts are produced by the liver, and emulsify the lipids, causing them to form smaller droplets.
Since the lipids are in smaller droplets, there is a larger surface area for the enzyme lipase to act on.
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When formed, the monoglycerides and fatty acids stick with the bile salts to form small structures called miscelles. Micelles help the products of lipid digestion to be absorbed by moving them towards the epithelium and then releasing them.
Monosaccharides - monosaccharides like glucose are absorbed through the process of co-transportation. Sodium travels out of the cell through the process of active transport, leaving a low concentration of sodium in the cell. Through a co-transporter protein, the glucose then diffuses into the cell with sodium.
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