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PLACE AND SPACE (Processes of Change: Hackney (70s - 90s (Gentrification,…

- - - - Water-powered mills along River Lea
    - - Plastic, furniture, paint
    - - Solicitors, notaries, bank clerks
- - - - Village markets, urban industries + financial centres
    - - Expansion of global linkages
      - Organisation of social life on a global scale
      - Growth of global consciousness
    - - Trade
      - Investment
      - Production
    - - As globalisation expanded, size and distribution of GPNs has increased
- - - - Is desirable for certain uses bc of
        
        Aesthetic value for tourism and residential
        
        Ease of access for transportation and industry
      - If liable to flooding, the land is left for natural ecosystems/wetlands
        
        Sometimes used for leisure and recreation - acts as a method of flood contorl
        
        Sometimes designated as a conservation area = open space within an urban area
    - - Flat land
        
        Heavy industry
        
        Ease of construction of large buildings on even ground
      - Elevation
        
        High class residential
        
        Above air pollution
        
        Aesthetic value of a view
  - - - Different urban land uses compete for the best location within urban areas
        
        Competition is greatest in the city centre bc land is scarce and it is easily accessible from the whole urban area
        
        Centre is most expensive and rent is high
      - Increasing distance from centre = cheaper land
      - Residential in the outer ring - has the lowest bid
      - Land use in the city centre
        
        High rise
        
        Uses less land
        
        Height of buildings decreases with increasing distance from centre
        
        The land use that creates the most profit
        
        Commerce and retail
        
        These can bid the highest for the land, and can therefore afford the land at the centre
      - Concentric zones
        
        CBD with commerce and offices
        
        Industry
        
        Residential with highest density nearest centre
    - - Globalisation and global shift = some manufacturing industry moving from ACs to cheaper LIDCs + ECs
        
        Newcastle and London docklands have experienced de-industrialisation = closure of docks, warehouses + factories = derelict land
      - Gov. policy has led to economic incentives for property investors to invest in these areas, to redevelop and sell on
  - - - Industry choses to locate near major roads
        
        Reduces the amount of time/money wasted by deliveries of materials and products caught in congestion
      - High class housing located away from major transp. routes bc of air/noise pollution
  - - - Young and single adults are more likely to live in flats near city centre
        
        Access for employment and leisure services
      - Families live in sububs
        
        More space, larger houses and gardens + parking
      - Nearly all residential areas have a mixture of different types of households
  - - - Government has direct control of land use as they determine the permitted land use of all land and buildings
      - Gov. have authority to grant and deny planning permission to change the use of buildings and land use of the new developments
      - is more significant in ACs than LIDCs
        
        Govs. lack control in LIDCs and are ineffective in controlling urban processes due to speed urbanisation and lack of resources for planning departments as other priorities take precedence
    - - Gov. and local councils can offer incentives to attract new developments/redevelopments of derelict areas = possible change in land use
      - London Docklands
        
        Was redeveloped in 90s
        
        Gov. offered grants/loans and other investments oppos. to private developers willing to invest in area
  - - - Periphery - desirable area to live
      - Inner city residential - perv. for low-income working class - no gentrified = high-income residents
    - - Certain ethnicities concentrate in certain areas
- - - - Income
      - Employmeny oppos.
      - Costs of goods + services
      - Life expectancy
  - - - Crime
      - Healthcare access + standards
      - % on state benefits
    - - Opportunities to participate in community life
      - % in voting elections
    - - Housing quality
      - Pollution levels
      - Litter
      - Vandalism
    - - Leisure services, open spaces
      - Employment
      - Income
  - - - Longer work hours, longer commute, poor air quality
  - - - In UK, if your income is below 60% of median household income, you are in poverty
      - 13 million live below the poverty line
    - - Ability to purchase goods + services
      - Low incomes link to
        
        Ill-health
        
        ower education attendance
        
        Poor access to services
      - Lack of formal qualifications + low skill sets are large obstacles in raising income
    - - % of people living in their home/tenure
      - LIDCs - housing tenure is complex e.g. no legal rights in slum areas
      - Quality of accommodation
        
        Poor quality = overcrowding + ill-health
      - Inequalities occur when demand exceeds supply
      - ACs
        
        Homelessness is a growing concern
        
        Squatting in abandoned buildings
        
        Affordability
        
        When cost of housing inflates faster that wages, those with low incomes may be excluded from the housing market
    - - Poverty = ill-health
      - No. of doctors/1000
      - Healthcare access, air quality, housing type
      - Sanitation, diet, lifestyle
    - - Global contrasts in literacy levels esp. in genders
      - Govs. invest in this to raise SOL + QOL
    - - No. of services
      - Transport links
      - Socio-economic factors
      - Often a clear rural-urban divide
    - - LIDCs + EDCs - millions work in informal sector
- - - - Cheap housing
      - Low skilled jobs
    - - = work and transport more imp. than education
  - - - Lots of housing
      - Is one of the main sewage networks processing waste from Cambridge
    - - Many mixed residential neighbourhoods e.g. Eastfield estate
  - - - Good environmental awareness
    - - Industry
      - Building
      - Farming
      - Flood plains
  - - - Health benefits
      - Reduced congestion
- - - - Focus placed on relations across a place rather than physical locality
    - - Focus placed on the arrangement of things
  - - - All these relations will be filled with power
      - Distributions of the relations mirrors the power relations within society
  - - - Dominates economics + economic ideologies - some are global ideas
      - Its power in globalisation in unequally distributed between other places in England + the world
    - - This changes the society in which people live
        
        Different cultures
        
        Different politics
        
        Increasing inequalities between places
- - - - Bc of capitalism seeking new markets + quickening turnover time for capital
    - - Economic production
      - Transport
      - Comms. strategies
  - - - Increased international trade
      - Increased interdependence of countries ww
      - Free movement of capital, goods, people + services
      - Global recognition of MNCs
      - Increased sultural exchange
      - Decline of distinctive local cultures
      - Rise of global, comodified cultures
  - - - JIT
        
        Produced only in volumes ordered
        
        Increased production differientation
        
        Goods produced in shorter times
        
        Everything needs to be in sequence
        
        No storage needed, no insurance, decreases cost + time
        
        Perishable goods won't suffer = reduced waste
      - Decentralised MF
        
        Components of goods produced in several countries brought to an area to be assembled and sold - this area will be near the target market
        
        Fast production + shipping = complex supply chains across several countries
        
        Reduced travel costs
    - - Containerism
        
        Systems of standardised transport
        
        Steel containers are easily transferred between different transport modes
        
        ecreases time for loading + unloading at ports
        
        Transport large amount of goods
      - Air Travel
        
        Increased air traffic hubs + flight travel
        
        New + expanding airlines
        
        Passenger travel continues to rise = shrinking world
      - Air Freight
        
        Supplies are varied between seasons for N+S
        
        More goods travel be air = wider market for perishable goods
        
        Year-round supply of seasonal produce
        
        Faster delivery times
      - High Speed Rail
        
        China - decreases time from central provinces to E coast - E coast provides access to world markets
        
        Shorter journey times + decreased isolation
        
        Opens remote areas to economic use
- - - - Convenience
      - Jobs
    - - Better parking facilities needed to avoid congestion
      - Increased housing prices = difficult for young + prospective buyers
      - Difficult to buy houses in relation to earnings
      - ST positives
  - - - Modern housing standards means residents pay less on bills
  - - - Delivers training services via
        
        Leadership + management training courses
        
        Bespoke training
        
        Workshops
      - Business incubator for start-up companies
        
        Experience
        
        Resources
        
        Contacts
        
        Community presence
    - - For businesses expansion thru Europe via:
        
        Technology transfer
        
        New customers
        
        New suppliers
        
        Commercial partners
      - St. John's Innovation Centre is a new partner
      - Supports companies to develop their businesses internationally
- - - - Derelict
      - Was heavily industrialised
  - - - More direct + easier for transporting goods
- - - - High wages + 5 day working week = immigration from S states
    - - Forced car ownership
      - Motor car companies invested to encourage car use
    - - Whites fled to white-only suburbs created using zoning laws - for wealthier whites
    - - 73 oil crisis increased driving cost
      - Car companoes were slow to realise the need for smaller cars
      - Transp. + infra. networks without funding = decline
      - Decrease in pop., jobs + services + large parts of its tax base
      - Decision makers (BoDs + shareholders) moved out of Detroit to find cheaper labour
- - - - Gun crime has now fallen
- - - - Land
      - History
      - Identity
    - - Fought for autonomy in Turkey
      - Resisted ISIS in Syria
    - - Race
      - Culture
      - Language - but have no standard dialect