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THEORIES OF PERSONALITY (trait theory of personality (big five (openness:…
THEORIES OF PERSONALITY
humanistic theories of personality
common assumptions
reject dysfunctional and hedonistic views of people
assume people are mostly good
study healthy people
focus on conditions that support healthy, personal growth
all have potential for healthy growth
mental illness results when our natural strivings for growth are blocked
maslow's hierarchy of needs
basic needs first
physiological
safety
belonging
esteem
being needs next
creative and critical thinking
caring and ompassion
morality
aesthetic appreciation
self-actualization
: fulfilling one's potential + achieving self-transcendence
rogers' person-centered perspective
self-actualization + happiness occur when our actual and ideal selves overlap
self-actualization conditions
genuineness
: being honest, direct
acceptance
: acknowledging one's feelings and problems w/o judgement
empathy
: turning into the feelings of others, understanding, listening well
trait theory of personality
trait
: an enduring quality that makes a person act a certain way
traits differ from person to person
we all possess a collection of traits that can be directly observed and measured
assessing traits, questionnaires
personality inventory
t/f questions, likert (1-10)
forced choice (which best describes you)
scores may be used to diagnose personality disorders as well as to provide info about an individual's emotional state
big five
openness
: flexibility, nonconformity, variety
conscientiousness
: self-discipline, careful pursuit of delayed goals
extraversion
: drawing energy from others
agreeableness
: helpful, trusting, friendliness
neuroticism
: anxiety, insecurity, instability
questions about traits
stability
largely stable
more conscientious and agreeable
less extraverted, neurotic, open-minded
heritability
50/50 nature nurture
genetic evidence
extraverts: low level of brain activity + impulse control
shyness, high autonomic reactivity, more sensitive
selective breeding, create lifelong differences in traits
nurture evidence
culture, parents, peers
bandura's social cognitive theory
: reciprocal determinism
environment (socialization)
rewards + punishments
observations/modeling
own beliefs/expectations
optimism vs. pessimism
self-efficacy vs. learned helplessness
our own behaviors