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Joints (Movement (Flexion (Plantar flexion (extend ankle and elevate heel)…

- - - - suture : between bones of skull
      - gomphosis :: binds teeth to bony sockets in maxillae and mandible
      - synostosis: when 2 bones fuse and the boundary between them disappears
  - - - Primary: Synchondroses between two articulating bones
        
        primarily immovable
        
        ossify with age
        
        plate of hyaline cartilage
      - Secondary: Symphyses between two pubic bones
        
        articular surface covered with hyaline disc plate
        
        connected by fibrocartilage
    - - fibrous capsule
        
        outer fibrous membrane with inner synovial membrane
      - filled with synovial fluid
        
        secreted by synovial membrane and has a high concentration of proteoglycans
        
        provides nutrients for the area.
        
        shock absorption
        
        lubrication
      - enclosed with articulating ends of bone
      - types
        
        hinge
        
        pulled shaped articular surface
        
        elbow and knee joint
        
        flexion and extension
        
        saddle
        
        reciprocally saddle shaped, concavoconvex, modified condyloid joint
        
        between trapezium and metacarpal bone of thumb, sternoclavicular joints
        
        wide range
        
        plane
        
        flat articular surface
        
        allow for gliding movement and movement in different directions
        
        intercarpal and intertarsal joints
        
        pivot
        
        fit into one another; one rounded, one concave
        
        proximal radioulnar joint and atlantoaxis joint
        
        rotation around a central axis
        
        condyloid
        
        rounded chondyle
        
        knee joint
        
        two directions
        
        ball and socket
        
        ball shaped bone head, cup shape bone cavity, modified condyloid joint
        
        hip and shoulder joint
        
        widest range of movement. Permits movements in all planes
      - possess a joint cavity
        
        divided into menisci / articular discs
    - - types:
        
        synarthrosis
        
        connective tissue: mainly collagen
        
        syndesmosis
- - - - extrinsic ligaments: located on either side of joint capsule
        
        intra / extracapsular ligament:
      - intrinsic / capsular ligaments: localised thickenings
- - - - extend ankle and elevate heel
    - - flexion of heel and elevation of sole