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Digestive System (abnormal diseases and conditions (cirrhosis (symptoms…
Digestive System
abnormal diseases and conditions
appendicitis
acute inflammation of the appendix
results from obstruction and infection
signs and symptoms
generalized abdominal pain that later localizes at the lower right quadrant, nausea, vomiting, mild fever, and increase of white blood cells
treatment
appendectomy
cholecystitis
inflammation of the gallbadder
symptoms
indigestion, nausea, vomiting, and pain that starts under ribs and radiates to right shoulder
when gallstones form from crystalized cholesterol, bile salts and bile pigment the condition
if it blocks the bile ducts, the gallbladder can rupture and cause peritonitis
cirrhosis
chronic destruction of the liver cells accompanies by the formation of fibrous connective and scar tissue
caused by hepatitis, bile duct disease, chemical toxins, and malnutrition
symptoms
liver enlargement, anemia, indigestion, nausea, edema in legs and feet, hematemesis, nosebleeds, jaundice, and ascites
treatment
avoid alcohol, get proper nutrition, vitamin supplements, diuretics, rest, infection prevention, and appropriate exercise
discoloration, hallucinations, hepatic coma, and death can occur
constipation
fecal material remaining in the colon too long causing excessive reabsorption of water
feces becomes too hard and dry and difficult to eliminate
causes
poor bowel habits, chronic laxative use, a diet low in fiber and certain digestive diseases
treatment
high fiber diet, fluids, exercise
diarrhea
frequent watery stools
causes
infection, stress, diet, irritated colon, and toxic substances
can be extremely dangerous in infants and children because of the excess fluid
treatment
replacing lost fluid and modifying the diet
diuerticulitis
inflammation of the diverticula that form in the intestines and mucosal lining pushes through the surrounding muscle
fecal material and bacteria can get trapped, inflammation can occur, and can result in rupture resulting in peritonitis
symptoms
abdominal pain, irregular bowel movements, flatus, constipation/ diarrhea, abdominal distention, low grade fever, nausea, and vomiting
treatment
antibiotics, stool softeners, medications, pain medications, high fiber diet, and in severe cases surgery
gastroenteritis
inflammation of the mucosal membrane that lines the stomach
causes
food poisoning, infection and toxins
symptoms
abdominal cramping, nausea, vomiting, fever, diarrhea
treatment
rest and increase fluid intake
hemorrhoids
painful, dilated veins, of the rectum and/or anus
causes
straining, constipation, pressure, insufficient fluid intake, laxative abuse, and prolonged sitting and standing
symptoms
itching, pain, bleeding
treatment
high fiber diet, increased fluid intake, stool softeners, sitz bath, warm moist compresses, and some cases a hemorrhoidectomy
hepatitis
viral infection of the liver
type A
most benign form of hepatitis
type B
or serum hepatitis is transmitted by body fluids including blood, serum, saliva, urine, semen, vaginal secretions, and breast milk
vaccine available, more serious than A
type C
sharing needles, getting stuck with a contaminated needle or sharps, passing from mother to fetus during birth
no vaccine or hepatitis C
symptoms
fever, anorexia, nausea, and vomiting, fatigue
dark colored stools, myalgia, clay colored stool
treatment
rest, diet high in protein, calories and low in fat, and liver transplant
hernia
when an internal organ pushes through a weakened area or natural opening in a body wall
symptoms
heartburn, stomach distention, chest pain, and difficult swallowing
treatment
bland diet, small frequent meals, staying upright after eating, surgical repair
pancreatitis
inflammation of the pancreas
causes
excessive alcohol intake or blockage of pancreatic ducts by gallstones
signs and symptoms
severe abdominal pain that radiates to the back, nausea, vomiting, diaphoresis, and jaundice
treatment
depends on the cause
peritonitis
inflammation of the abdominal peritoneal cavity
symptoms
abdominal pain, distention, fever, nausea, vomiting
treatment
antibiotics, and if necessary surgical repair
ulcer
open sore on the lining of the digestive tract
symptoms
burning pain, indigestion, hematemesis, and bloody stools
treatment
antibiotics or surgery
ulcerative colitis
severe inflammation of the color, then the formation of ulcers and abscesses
causes
stress, food allergy, or an autoimmune reaction
symptoms
diarrhea, pus, mucus, weight loss, weakness, abdominal pain, anemia, and anorexia
treatment
controlling inflammation, reducing stress, and mild sedation
large intestine
final section of the alimentary canal
about 5 ft long and 2 inches in diameter
functions
absorption of water and any remaining nutritents
storage of indigestible materials before eliminated in the body
synthesis and absorption of some B-complex vitamins and vitamin K
transportation of waste products out of the alimentary canal
cecum
where the appendix lies
colon
rectum
stomach
receives food from esophagus
pyloric sphincter
cardiac sphincter
mucous membrane lining contain rugae
helps expand
food remains in stomach about 1-4 hours
Mouth, Buccal, or Oral Cavity
receives food as it enters the body
actions in the mouth
food is tasted
broken down physically by teeth
lubricated and partially digested by saliva
swallowed
teeth
mastification
special structures in mouth that physically break down food by chewing and grinding
tongue
muscular organ that contains special receptors called taste buds
allow person to taste sweet, salty, sour, and bitter sensation
gastric juices
hydrochloric acid
kills bacteria, helps absorb irons and activated pepsin
pepsin
starts protein digestion
lipase
starts the chemical breakdown of fats
rennin
aids in the digestion of milk
only present in infants
liver
largest gland in the body
accessory organs for digestive system
location
under the diaphragm and in the upper right quadrant of the abdomen
functions
secretes bile
stores sugar in the form of glucose
produces reparin
produces cholesterol
detoxifies substances
alimentary canal
long muscular tube
begins at the mouth and ends at anus
accessory organs
salivary glands, tongue, teeth, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
pharynx or throat
carrier for both air and food
carries food bolus to esophagus
when bolus swallowed, epiglottis closes to prevent food from entering respiratory tract
esophagus
muscular tube dorsal to the trachea
carries bolus to stomach
peristalsis moves food toward stomach
small intestine
about 20 ft long and 1 inch in diameter
receives food from the stomach in the form of chyme
Divided into 3 sections
dudendum
first 9-10 inches
bile from the gallbladder, liver, and pancreatic juices enter through ducts
jejunum
approximately 8 ft in length
ileum
final 12 ft
connects with the large intestine at the cecum
gallbladder
small muscular sac
location
under the liver is attached by connective tissue
stores and concentrates bile
pancreas
fish-shaped organ located behind the stomach
produces pancreatic juices to digest food
produces insulin which is secreted into the blood stream
Is also known as the gastrointestinal system
the physical and chemical breakdown of food for use by the body
alimentary canal and the accessory organ
Shelby Kutchey