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CONSONANTS (Stop Consonants (Includes: /p/, /t/, /k/, /b/, /d/, and /g/…

- - - - /f/: voiceless labiodental fricative
        
        Acquired early in child development
      - /v/: voiced labiodental fricative
    - - /θ/: voiceless (lingua-dental) fricative/ voiceless (inter) dental fricative
        
        Produced with greater force and longer duration than /ð/
      - /ð/: voiced (lingua-dental fricative)/ voiced (inter) dental fricative
      - Both are acquired later in development and a common error in children
    - - /s/: voiceless (lingua-alveolar) fricative
        
        Duration is longer for /s/ as well as breath pressure
      - /z/: voiced (lingua) alveolar fricative
      - Can be produced in either tongue-tip up (alveolar) or tongue-tip down (dental) position
    - - /ʃ/: voiceless (lingua-palatal) fricative
        
        One of the consonants found among residual error sounds
      - /ʒ/: voiced (lingua-palatal) fricative
        
        Occurs in medial and final positions of words in English
      - Velopharyngeal port is closed during production of sounds
    - - The only consonant without a cognate
      - Voiceless glottal fricative
      - During production, vocal folds are partially abducted, creating restriction through which the voiceless airstream is forced. This results in friction sound of /h/
      - The velopharyngeal port is closed
      - One of the earliest phonemes mastered by children