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Research methods Year 1 (Sampling (Stratified: Composition of sample…
Research methods Year 1
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Experiment
Method
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Independent variable is manipulated, measures the dependent variable for its effects.
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Control of variables
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Randomisation: Use of chance to control bias in experiment, e.g. randomly selected order of participants.
Investigator effects: Effect of the investigator's behaviour on outcome of study, e.g. Interaction with participants.
Demand characteristics: Participants changing their behaviour to fit interpretations of the research purposes.
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Design
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Matched pairs: Pairs of participants matched, then one of each undergoes each condition.
Counterbalancing: Half the participants experience in one order, & half the other.
Types
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Quasi-experiment: IV based on existing difference, e.g. Gender.
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Observation
Types
Naturalistic: Setting where behaviour usually occurs.
Controlled: Setting with some control over variables.
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Participant: Researcher is part of group of observation.
Non-participant: Researcher outside of group observed.
Issues in design
Behaviours categories: Target behaviour broken into observable components, e.g. Affection broken down to hugging, kissing...etc.
Event sampling: Researcher records every time a target behaviour is observed.
Time sampling: Researcher records target behaviour at every fixed time interval, e.g. Every 60 seconds.
Structures: Uses pre-determined list of behaviour, allows quantifying of results.
Unstructured: Researchers noting down everything they see.
Correlations
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In experiments, IV is controlled/manipulated, while in correlation, this is not.
Self-report
Questionnaire
Open questions: Doesn't have fixed range of answers & participants answer however they wish, produces qualitative data.
Closed questions: Fixed no. of responses, produces quantitative data.
Interview
Unstructured: No set questions, free flowing conversation with participant encouraged to elaborate.
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Data analysis
Descriptive statistics
Measures of central tendency:
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Types of data
Qualitative data: Expressed in words, e.g. written description of participants.
Quantitative data: Expressed numerically, e.g. Scores from participants.
Primary: Original data collected by researcher.
Secondary: Data collected by someone other than person that conducted research.
Ethical issues
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Informed consent: Participants made aware of procedures, aims & their rights before participating.
