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Geologic Structure (faults (brittle deformation (usually mm-cm movements…
Geologic Structure
faults
brittle deformation
usually mm-cm movements are
fractures
movement range can be mm to km
m=km are
faults
normal faults
caused by tension
blocks move away
hanging wall block moves down relative to footwall
reversal faults
caused by
compression
blocks move towards each other
hanging wall block moves upwards relative to footwall
thrust faults
similar to reverse faults, but with a very low angle
large scale thrust faulting can result in overthrusting
strike-slip
the fault itself is vertical
caused by
shear stress
motion is lateral
3 types of stress
tension=forces act away from each other
shear=forces are parallel and opposite sides of a plane
compression=forces act towards each other
3 types of deformation (strain)
plastic
permanent change; in rock, results in folding
brittle
loss of cohesion due to stress; in rock results in faults or fractures
elastic
temporary change; recover; stores energy
stress and strain
stress(pascals)=force per area
strain(deformation)=change in shape or size to stress
relation
plastic deformation:
folding
anticlines
---upturned folds, limbs dip away from each other (middle older, side younger)
synclines
---downturned folds, limbs dip towards each other (middle younger, side older)