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05-1 三大从句 (从属关联词 (:six:从属连词（状从） (:pencil2:引导从句的关联词如果是一个连词，则只引导从句，不在从句中做成分。…

- - - - :star:例句：
        1.The fact has worried many scientists ___ the earth is becoming warmer and warmer these years (同位语从句）
        A what B which C that D though
        
        Is this the museum ___ you visited the other day? (that 指示物）
        A that B where C in which D the one.
        
        All the apples ___ fell down from the tree were eaten up by the pigs. (极端修饰)
        A which B. / C.-- that D they
        
        I refuse to accept the blame for something __ was someone else"s fault. (不定代词）
        A who B ---that B as D what
        
        Who is the person _ is standing at the gate of Beijing Tourism Tower? 避免重复
        A who B -----that C which D whom
        
        Tell us about the people and the places _are different from ours.先行词同时有人有物
        A --that B who C which D whom
    - - :star: 例句：
        1.The air quality in the city, ___ is shown in the report, has improved over the past two months.
        A that B it C --as D what.
        
        ___ is reported in the newspapers, talks between the two countries are making progress.
        A it B --as C that D what
        
        A lot of language learning, ___ has been discovered(被动,正如), is happening in the first year of life, so parents should talk much to their children during that period.
        A --as B it C which D this
        
        __ is often the case, we have worked out the production plan.
        A which B when C what D -as (正如）
        
        The Beatles, ___ many of you are old enough to remember, came from Liverpool.
        A what B. that , C how D as (正如）
    - - :star: 例句：
        1.In China, the number of cities is increasing —-----development is recognized across the world.
        A where B which C --whose D that
        2.That's the new machine _ parts are too small to be seen
        A that B which C ---whose D what
        
        The prize will go to the writer __ story shows the most imagination.
        A that B which C --whose D what
    - - :star: 例句：
        
        By nine o'clock, all the Olympic torch bearers had reached the top of Mount Qomolangma, __ appeared rare rainbow soon.
        A of which B on which C from which D ---above which （ above 与先行词Mount Qomolangma 的关系）
        
        The growing speed of a plant is influenced by a number of factors, __ are beyond our control. (非限定从句修饰 a number of factors)
        A most of them B most of which C most of what D most of that(不能引导非限定）
        
        Care of the soul is a gradual process ___ even the small details of like should be considered. (主从都完整）
        A what B in what C which D in which
        
        He was educated at the local high school, ___ he went on to Beijing University.
        A --after which B after that (如果选这个，则前面应该是句号，而不是逗号，后面是定语从句，在定语从句中介词后不跟that） C in which D in that
        4.Animals suffered at the hands of Man ___ they were destroyed by people to make way for agricultural land to provide food for more people.
        A in which B for which C so that D in that. (in that = because)
        
        She showed the visitors around the museum, the construction __had taken more than three years.
        A for which B with which C-- of which ( = the construction of the museum) D to which
        6 Gun control is a subject ___ Americans have argued for a long time.
        A of which B with which C --about which(argue about 的搭配） D into which
        
        We went through a period ___ communications were very difficult in the rural areas.(主从完整）
        A which B whose C --in which （where） D with which
        
        Wind power is an ancient source of energy ___ we may return in the near future (. return to 恢复）（考察动词介词的关系）
        A on which B by which C to which D from which
        
        For may cities in the world, there is no room to spread out further, __ New York is an example.
        A for which B in which C of which (在 may cities 之中) D from which
      - 定语从句是中学英语教学的重点、难点，也是考查的热点。在初中阶段，学生学好定语从句，为高中英语学习打下良好的基础，是提高英语综合运用能力的保障。下面我对定语从句的难点问题解答，即如何正确使用关系代词或关系副词，仅供读者借鉴。
        一、关系代词和关系副词的区别
        1、关系代词（that, who, whom, whose, which）所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。
        例1. Is he the man who/that wants to see you?（who / that在从句中作主语，指人）
        例2. He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.（whom / that在从句中作宾语，指人）
        例3. They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.（whose在句中作定语，指人）
        例4. Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green.（whose在句中作定语，指物。若指物，它还可以同of which互换）
        例5. The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作carry的宾语，指物）
        2、关系副词（when, where, why, that）可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于"介词+ which"结构，因此常常和"介词+ which"结构交替使用。
        例6. Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born.　
        例7. Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer?　
        例8. His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born.　
        例9. He can’t find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago.
        二、判断用关系代词和关系副词
        方法1： 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。请改错：
        
        This is the mountain village where I visited last year.
        
        I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.
        习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。句1和句2的where, when都应改为which.。
        方法2：准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状)，根据第一点(区别)，也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。
        例10.This museum is ___ you visited a few days age?
        　 A. where　B. that　 C. on which　 D. the one
        例11. This is the museum __ the exhibition was held.
        　 A. where　　B. that　 C. on which　　D. the one （答案：例1 D，例2 A）
        在例10中，所缺部分为宾语，而where, that, on which都不能起到宾语的作用，只有the one既做了主句的表语，又可做从句的宾语，可以省略关系代词，所以应选D。
        而例11中, 主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词where，又因 in the museum词组，可用介词in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中，介词on 用的不对，所以选A。
        关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词 (who, whom, that, which, whose)；先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词 ( where 地点状语，when 时间状语，why 原因状语)。
        方法3：当先行词是all, everything, anything, nothing，the one, much, few, any, little等，或先行词是形容词最高级时，或在there be 句型中，或当先行行词既有人又有物时，关系代词用that, 而不用which。
        例12. Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.　
        例13. The soldiers and their guns that we sent to the front were lost.
        方法4：在引导非限定性定语从句时，和在介词后不能用that，应用which。　　　
        例14．(错)　The tree, that (改为which)is four hundred years old, is very famous here.
        例15．We depend on the land from which we get our food.
        
        关系代词在定语从句中用作介词宾语时，介词既可置于从句之首，亦可置于从句之末。但以置于从句之首较为正式。如：
        This is the book for which you asked. 这是你所要的书。(关系代词用作介词for宾语，之首，即which之前)
        This is the book which you asked for. 这是你所要的书。(介词for置于从句之末，which在此可省去)
        关系代词who和that用作介词宾语时，介词须置于句末。如：
        The people you were talking to are Swedes. 你与之谈话的那些人是瑞典人。(关系代词主格who用作介词to宾语时，介词to须置于从句之末，who中口语中可省去)
        Here is the car that I told you about. 这儿就是我和你谈过的那辆汽车。(关系代词that用作介词about宾语，介词about须置于从句之末)
        有时从句还有其它成分，介词则置于从句之中。如：
        This is the boy who he worked with in the office. 那就是与他一道办公的那个男孩。
        有时介系词加关系代词，相当于一个关系副词，
        where = in which(定语从句中）
        when = on which(定语从句中）
        why = for which(定语从句中）
        whose = of which(定语从句中）
        例如：
        I visited the village where my parents were born.
        I visited the village in which my parents were born.
        我拜访了我父母亲出生的那个村庄。
    - - :star: 例句：
        when ---> 时间，而时间 =/=when
        
        I ‘ll never forget the time which I spent on campus. (spent 是及物动词，缺少宾语（从句不完整），因此用which）
        -------- :!:（1）（2）句子的结构有差异
        2.I'll never forget the day when we first met in the park. （met 是不及物动词，不缺少宾语（从句完整），因此用副词when）
        
        where ---> 地点，而地点 =/=where
        
        This is the town where I spent my childhood. (从句完整）
        4.This is the town which I told you about before. （about 后缺少宾语， which 充当名词）
  - - - :star: 例句：
        
        When changing lanes, a driver should use his turning signal to let other drivers knoｗ＿＿＿
        Ａ　 he is entering which lane B --which lane he is entering
        C is he enterinig which lane D which lane is he entering.
        
        The shocking news made me realize ___ terrible problems we would face. (句子是感叹句，what 后是terrible problem ( 名词），如用ｈｏｗ　后面的是how terrible the problems we would face.
        A what B how C that D why
        
        Jerry did not regret giving the comment but felt ___ he could have expressed it differently.
        A why B how C-- that （事实） D whether.
    - - Link Title
        
        同位语、定语和补足语的区别
        定语从句与同位语从句在形式以及它们在句中的位置上都很相似,但它们在句中的句法功能不同,所用的引导词也不完全一样.
        　1. 定语从句是形容词从句,其句法功能相当于一个形容词,与前面的名词是修饰与被修饰关系,即限定它前面的名词范围,或补充一些情况；而同位语从句是名词性从句,其作用相当于一个名词,与前面的名词是同位关系,是对前面的名词作进一步解释,即说明它前面名词的内容.如：
        　　The news that he told me just now is true.
        　　他刚才告诉我的消息是真的.（定语从句）
        　　The news that I have passed the exam is true.
        　　我通过了考试这一消息是真的.（同位语从句）
        　　2. 同位语从句与其所修饰的名词之间是一种同位关系,二者之间存在逻辑上的系表关系,可用“主 + 系 + 表”结构来表示,而定语从句则没有这种关系.如：
        　　The news that he won the first place is true.
        　　他赢得冠军的消息是真的.（同位语从句）
        　　若用“主 + 系 + 表”结构来表示,则是：
        　　The news is that he won the first place.
        　　那个消息是他赢得了冠军.
        　　3. 定语从句的先行词可以是各类名词,而可跟同位语从句的名词通常只是 news,idea,fact,promise,question,doubt,thought,hope,message,suggestion,possibility 等少数几个.因此,引导两种从句的连接词也不完全一样.可以引导定语从句的连接词有 that,which,who,whom,whose,when,where,why 等.可以引导同位从句的连接词有 that,whether,when,where,how 等.如：
        　　The factory which / that we visited yesterday is a chemical one.
        　　我们昨天参观的那家工厂是化工厂.（定语从句）
        　　I’ve come from Mr Wang with a message that he won’t be able to see you this afternoon.
        　　我从王先生那里得知一个消息,他今天下午不能来看你了.（同位语从句）
        　　4. 定语从句的引导词在从句中充当一定的成分,可作主语、宾语、状语等；而同位语从句中的引导词在从句中起连接作用,不作任何句子成分.如：
        　　The idea that he gave surprises many people.
        　　他提出的观点令许多人感到吃惊.（定语从句, that 在从句中作 gave 的宾语）
        　　The fact that they didn’t finish the work has to be faced.
        　　必须面对事实,他们没有完成工作.
        　　（同位语从句, that 在从句中只起连接作用,引导从句解释 fact 的内容,不作任何句子成分）
        　　5. 引导定语从句的连接词有时可以省去,而引导同位语从句的连接词则不可省去.如：
        　　I’ll keep the promise （that / which） I made two years ago.
        　　我将履行两年前许下的诺言.（定语从句）
        　　I make a promise that I will write to you as soon as I get to Beijing.
        　　我许诺,我一到北京就给你写信.（同位语从句）
        　　6. when,where 和 why 在引导定语从句和同位语从句时,它们的共同点是引导词在这两种从句中都可以充当状语.但是,定语从句前有相应的先行词,分别为表示时间、地点和原因状语的名词,而同位语从句前没有相应的名词.如：
        　　I still remember the day when （=on which） I first came to Beijing.
        　　我仍记得我第一次来北京的那一天.（定语从句）
        　　I have no idea when she will be back.
        　　我不知道她何时才会回来.（同位语从句）从句按其在主句中的句法功能可分为三类,即名词性从句、形容词性从句(即定语从句)和副词性从句(即状语从句).引导从句的词称作关联句.
        名词性从句包括主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句.引导这些名词性从句的关联词包括:
        从属连词that, if, whether;
        连接代词who, whoever, whom, whomever, which, whichever, what, whatever, whose;
        连接副词where, when, why, how.
        其中, 从属连词只起连接作用, 在从句中不充当任何句法成分,而连接代词和连接副词既起连接作用, 在从句中又充当一定的成分.
        That Owen should have married his cousin is not at all surprising.
        The fact is that he didn't go to the dinner party.
        I don't know if he will attend the meeting.
        Have you heard the news that Mary is going to marry Tom?
        你听说玛丽要和汤姆结婚的消息了吗?(that引导同位语从句)
        [提示]
        
        在含有主语从句的复合句中, 为保持句子平衡, 常用it作形式主语,而将真正的主语从句置于句末.
        It's well known that water is indispensable to life.
        
        为保持句子平衡, that引导的宾语从句也常用it代替, 而将真正的宾语从句置于主句句末.这常常出现在主句有形容词或分词作宾语补足语的情况下.
        He made it quite clear that he preferred to live here.
        
        从属连词whether和if都作“是否…”解, 但if不可引导主语从句和表语从句.whether可与or(not)连用, 而if不可以.
        I don't know whether (if) she is at home.
        Whether she comes or not makes no difference.
        
        that和what引导名词性从句的区别: that在从句中不充当成分,而what在从句中充当一定的成分, 如主语、表语、宾语等.that可省略, what则不可省.
        He always means what he says.
        She suggested (that) he do it at once.
        
        同位语从句大多由从属连词that引导, 常跟在下列名词后面,如fact, idea, opinion, news, hope, belief等, that不可省,一般用来解释说明这些名词的具体含义和内容.
        We are familiar with the idea that all matter consists of atoms.
        The news that we are invited to the conference is very encouraging.
        如何判断各类从句呢?
        答：
        1．分析句子结构以区分从句的种类.遇到一个复合句,首先要分析其句子结构,看从句在整个句子中起什么作用,那么它就是什么从句.
        2．分析引导词的句法作用以区别从句的种类.that这个词既可引导同位语从句,又可引导定语从句,这种两种从句从形式和结构上看特别相似,如何区分呢?区分that引导的是同位语从句还是定语从句的方法是,看that在从句中是否充当句子成分,若that在从句中不充当任何成分,则为同位语从句；若that在从句中充当主语或宾语,则为定语从句.
        3．根据被修饰词来判断从句的种类.定语从句常常修饰一些具有实际意义的名词,如：the film；the student；the book；a house等等.而同位语从句常常修饰一些表示抽象概念的名词,如fact、idea、promise、truth等,用来说明这些名词所表示的具体内容.状语从句在句子中常用来修饰谓语动词.
        4．根据从句前词的词性来判断从句的种类.宾语从句分两种：动词的宾语从句、介词的宾语从句.宾语从句前肯定是动词或介词.定语从句是用来修饰名词或代词的,所以其前一定是一个名词或代词.
        5．根据上下文意义和结构形式上区分从句的种类.如so that即可引导目的状语从句,又可引导结果状语从句,如何区分呢?主要从以下两点来区分. ①根据上下文意义判断.“以便……”表示目的,是目的状语从句,“以致于……”,“结果……”表示结果,是结果状语从句. ②从结构形式上来分辨.so that前有逗号,为结果状语从句,反之,则为目的状语从句.有时,so that前无逗号,这里要看从句中有无can、could、may、might、will、w
      - 同位语从句 = 抽象名词
      - :star: 例句：
        
        York, __ last year, is a nice old city.
        A that I visited B -- which I visited C where I visited D in which I visited
        
        Her sister has become a lawyer, __ she wanted to be.
        A who B that C what D --which
        
        Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others, __ , of course, made the others envy him.
        A who B that C what D which
- - - - :star: 例句
        
        Cindy shut the door heavily and burst into tears. No one in the office knew __ she was so angry.
        A where B whether C that D why.
        2.I prefer shutting myself in and listening to music all day on Sundays. - That's ___ I don't agree. You should have a more active life.
        A where B how C when D what.
        
        It's no use having ideas only. - Don't worry. Peter can show you __ to turn an idea into an act.
        A how B who C what D where
        
        Twenty students want to attend the class that aims to teach ___ to read fast.
        A what B who C how D why.
        
        Have you finished the book？ -- No. I've read up to __ the children discover the secret cave.
        A which B what C that D where
        6.The traditional view is ___ we sleep because our brain is "programmed" to make us do so.
        A when B why C whether D that
        
        As a new diplomat, he often thinks of ___ he can react more appropriately on such occasions.
        A what B which C that D how.
        
        One reason for her preference for city life is ___ she can have easy access to places like shops and restauants. A that B how C what D why.
        9.The may is one of the best tools a man has ___ he goes to a new place. (状从）
        A whenever B whatever C wherever 8. however
        
        If you happen to ge lost in the world, you'd better stay ___ you are and wait for hlep.
        A why B where C who D what.
    - - :star:例句
        
        I've become good friends with several of the students in my school __ I met in the English speech contest last year.
        A who ? whom? B where C when D which
        2.Julie was good at German, French, and Russian, all of __ she spoke fluently. (主不完整，从不完整？）
        A who B whom C which D that.
        
        The science Museum, ___ we visited during a recent trip to Britain, is one of London's tourist attractions.
        A which B what C that (不能引导非限定从句） D where
        
        The newly built cafe, the walls of ___ are painted light green, is really a peaceful place for us, especially after hard work.
        A that B it C what D which
        
        After the built flooding, people were suffering in that area, ___ urgently a needed clean water, medicine and shelter to survive.
        A which B who C where D what
        
        By 16:30, __ was almost closing time, nearly all the paintings had been sold.
        A which B when C what D that
        
        They've won their last three matches, ___ I find a bit surprising actually.
        A that B when C what D which
        
        My friend showed me round the town, ___ was very kind of him.
        A which B that C where D it.
        
        Ted came for the weekend wearing only some shorts and a T-shirt, ___ is a stupid thing to do in such weather.
        A this B that C what D which
        
        That evening, ___ I will tell you more about later, I ended up working very late.
        A that B which C what D when
    - - :star:例句：
        1.She is very dear to us. We have been prepared to do ^ __ it takes ^ to save her life.
        A whichever B however C whatever D whoever
        
        Before a problem can be solved, it must be obvious ___ the problem itself is ^. (it 形式主语）
        A what B that C which D why.
        
        Choosing the right dictionary depends on __ you want to use it for.
        A what B why C how D whether.
        
        Many young people in the West are expected to leave __　could be life's most important decision - marriage- almost entirely up to luck.
        A as B that C which D what
        
        The villagers have already known __we'll do is to rebuild the bridge.
        A this B that C what D which
        
        ___ a strange plant! I've never seen it before.
        A which B what C How D Whether.
        7.The nowcomer went to the library the other day and searched for ___ he could find about Mark Twain.
        A wherever B however C whatever D whichever
        8.__ matters most in learning English is enough practice.
        A What B Why C Where D Which
        
        ___parents say and do has a life-long effect on their children.
        A That B Which C What D As
        
        I'd like to start my own business- that's __ I'd do if I had the money.
        A why Bwhen C which D what
      - which 用于范围
    - - :star:例句
        1). I was born in New Orleans, Louisiana, a city name will create a picture of beactiful trees and green grass in our mind.
        -- A which B. of which C that D. whose.
        2). Between the two parts of the concert is an interval, the audience can buy ice-cream.
        A when B where C that D which
        3). The notice came around two in the afternoon the meeting would be postponed. 同位语= 内容从句
        A when B that C whether D how
        --4. After graduation she reached a point in her career she needed to decide what to do.
        A that B what C which D where.
        --5.Later in this chapter cases will be introduced to readers _ consumer complaints have resulted in changes in the law. (抽象地点）
        A where B when C who D which
        6.The fact has worried many scientists __ the earth is becoming warmer and warmer these years. ( 内容从句= fact ，用that ）
        A what B which C that D though
        7.The girl arranged to have piano lessons at the training center with her sister _ she would stay for an hour.
        A where B who C which D what (who which what 是代词替代名词）
        8 I refuse to accept the blame for something was someone else's fault. (不定代词后应用that）
        A who B that C as D what
        
        Today, we'll discuss a number of cases ___ beginners of English fail to use the language properly.
        A which B as C why D where
        
        Tomorrow is Tom's birthday. Have you got any idea ___ the party is to be held?
        A what B which C that D where
        11.The old temple __roof was damaged in a storm is now under repair.
        A where B which C its D whose
        12 I walked up to the top of the hill with my friends, __ we enjoyed a splended view of the lake.
        A which B where C who D that.
        13.Mozart's birthplace and the house __ he composed " The Magic Flute" are both museums now.
        A where B when C there D which
        14. There is clear evidence ___ the most difficult feeling of all to interpret is bodily pain
        A what B if C how D that.
        15. There is much truth in the idea ___ kindness is usually served by frankness.
        A why B which C that D whether
        16. News came from the school office ___ Wang Lin had been admitted to Beijing University.
        A which B what C that D where
        
        The school shop, __ customers are mainly students, is closed for the holidays.
        A which B --whose C when D where
        
        A person __ e-mail accout is full won't be able to send or receive any e-mails.
        A who B whom C --whose D whoever.
        
        The days are gone __ physical strength was all you needed to make a living.
        A ---when B that C where D which.
        
        Modern science has given clear evidence __ smoking can lead to many diseases.
        A what B which C--- that D where