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South Asia 5.1 (New Religions (The Indus Valley civilization grew from…

- - - - A new culture combined the ancient languages and beliefs of the region with the language and religion of the newcomers.
        
        This mixed culture is known as Aryan culture.
        
        The Aryans ruled northern India for more than 1,000 years.
        
        They divided people into four classes aka the caste system.
        
        rulers and warriors
        
        farmers, artisans, and merchants
        
        priests and the educated
        
        laborers
- - - - To Hindus, the various gods and goddesses represent different parts of this spirit.
- - - - These numerals are called “Arabic” numerals.
    - - Artists created wall paintings of Buddhist stories in temples built inside caves at Ajanta in western India.
- - - - According to its followers, Islam is the set of beliefs revealed to the prophet Muhammad.
      - Among these Muslims, or followers of Islam, who settled in India were the Mughals who established the empire.
  - - - He had it built as a magnificent tomb for Mumtaz Mahal, his wife.
      - The cost of this and other of Jahan’s building projects was enormous. It drained the empire of money and, eventually, helped to cause the empire’s collapse in the 1700s.
- - - - About 80 percent of the people in India are Hindus.
      - Hinduism is also the major religion in Nepal.
    - - Islam is the main religion in Pakistan and Bangladesh.
- - - - It had a sewer system and a large walled fortress.
- - - - After one bloody battle...
        
        Asoka gave up war and violence.
        
        He changed his beliefs to Buddhism and vowed to rule peacefully.
        
        Asoka had stone pillars set up across India.
        
        Carved into the pillars were his laws and beliefs in fair and just government.
- - - - The British government ended the rule of the British East India Company in 1858.
        
        From that time until 1947, India was controlled by Britain as a colony of Britain’s empire.
- - - - Gandhi called for people to resist British rule.
        
        However, Gandhi stressed that they use nonviolent means.
        
        For example, he urged a boycott of British goods.
        
        As independence approached, Muslims feared that their rights would not be protected in a land where Hindus were the majority.
        
        Fighting erupted as demands arose for a state where Muslims would be the majority.
        
        In 1947 this led to the partition, or division, of the subcontinent into two nations, Pakistan and India.
        
        Muslims would be the majority in Pakistan.
        
        Hindus would be the majority in India.
- - - - In 1998, both nations tested nuclear weapons. The continuing threat of conflict that might involve nuclear weapons in the region concerns the United States and other countries.
- - - - Dravidan
        
        Languages that are spoken in southern India.
      - Indo-European
        
        Languages that are spoken in northern India and most of the rest of South Asia.
        
        The Aryans who came into South Asia in ancient times spoke Indo-European languages.