Meiosis

A type of cellular reproduction in which the number of chromosomes are reduced by half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell.

Mitosis

A process of asexual reproduction in which the cell divides in two producing a replica, with an equal number of chromosomes in haploid cell

Function of Meiosis

Sexual Reproduction

Function of Mitosis

Cellular Reproduction & general growth and repair of the body.

Type of Reproduction (Meiosis)

Sexual

Type of Reproduction (Mitosis)

Asexual

Meiosis Occurs in

Humans, animals, plants, fungi

Mitosis Occurs in

all organisms

Meiosis is Genetically

Different

Mitosis is Genetically

Identical

Crossing Over (Meiosis)

Yes, mixing of chromosomes can occur.

Crossing Over (Mitosis)

No, crossing over can not occur.

Number of Divisions (Meiosis)

2

Number of Divisions (Mitosis)

1

Number of Cells produced in Meiosis

4

Number of Cells produced in Mitosis

2

Chromosome Number (Meiosis)

Reduced by half

Chromosome Number (Mitosis)

Remains the same

Steps of Mitosis

The steps of mitosis are Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase and Cytokinesis

Meiosis Creates

Sex cells only: Female egg cells or Male sperm cells

Mitosis Creates

Makes everything other than sex cells

Vacuoles

Store waste products, nutrients, and water. In plant cells it also store nutrients, and regulates turgor pressure in the cell.

Nucleus

DNA is found in the nucleus, RNA is also made here; surrounded by a membrane; controls all cell activites

Nucleolus

This produces ribosomes; found in the nucleus

Cytoplasm

Part of the cell that is outside the nucleus; contains organelles and provides the perfect environment for chemical reactions to take place

Centriole

Play a role in mitosis (cell division), in animal cells only - Ring of nine groups of fused microtubules. Three microtubules in each group. These are part of the cytoskeleton. Inherited from your father.

Golgi Apparatus/Golgi Bodies

Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins

Lysosome

Contains digestive enzymes necessary for breaking down materials within a cell

Chloroplast

Use carbon dioxide, water and sunlight to carry out photosynthesis. Found in plant cells and some protists. They reflect green light while absorbing all other colors. *contain DNA

Cell Membrane

Double layer of phospholipids (lipid bilayer) that surrounds the cell; regulates what enters and leaves the cell.

Mitochondria

Provides energy to cell. Have a double membrane. The outside is smooth but the inner is highly folded to increase its surface area. Cellular respiration is performed here, making energy (ATP) for the cell. Has its own DNA and ribosomes.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Assembles membrane lipids and detoxifies the cell of drugs; no ribosomes on this organelle.

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Proteins are made on the endoplasmic reticulum's ribosomes. They are collected inside the endoplasmic reticulum and transported throughout the cell. Transports and modifies organelles, highway for cell.

Ribosome

Assembles proteins; free ribosomes make proteins that will stay in the cell. Attached ribosomes (attached to the ER) make proteins that will be transported out of the cell.

Cytoskeleton

Helps maintain cell shape. Its primary importance is in cell motility. It makes the cell move internally and externally.

Made of microfilaments and microtubules. (protein strands)

Cell Wall

Thick outer layer in plant cells. Made of the carbohydrate cellulose. It maintains the shape of these cells and creates a protective barrier. Fluid collects in the plant cell's vacuole and pushes against it, creating turgor pressure. Also found in fungi, algae, and some bacteria.

Chromatin/Chromosomes

plant and animal cell: strands that contain the genetic material that tells the cell how to function.

Vesicles

A small structure made of a lipid bilayer used to transport materials through the cell.

Cilia

Slender cell extension that project outward from the cell - can be used for movement of the cell or to push materials past the cell.

Flagella

Whip-like appendage that extends from the body; used for movement or for sensing the environment

Peroxisomes

Contain an enzyme that allows the breakdown of H₂O₂ (hydrogen peroxide) which is made by cell reactions and is toxic to the cell

Microtubule

part of the cytoskeleton - made of tubulin-used to move substances around the cell - framework of cell

Which molecules are reactants in photosynthesis?

CO₂ + H₂O

What are the products of photosynthesis?

O₂ + C₆H₁₂O₆

Which molecules are reactants in Cellular Respiration?

O₂ + C₆H₁₂O₆

What are the products of Cellular Respiration?

CO₂ + H₂O

Glucose

C₆H₁₂O₆

Carbon dioxide

CO₂

Water

H₂O

Oxygen

O₂

I discovered that plants are made of cells.

Schleiden

I saw cells in cork and came up with the word "cells to describe them.

Hooke

I discovered that animals are made of cells

Schwann

I discovered that there are microscopic organisms in pond water.

Leeuwenhoek

I developed the cell theory and came to the conclusion that all cells come from other cells

Virchow